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unit 2 biology > Bacteria/Archaea > Flashcards

Bacteria/Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats another name for bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

Whats another name for archaea

A

Eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. No nuclear membrane or other membranes around organelles
  2. Unicellular (single celled) and small ( less than 2 µm)
  3. Only 1 circular chromosome floating in the cytoplasm
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4
Q

What are the important structures of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Cell wall
  3. Plasma membrane
  4. Nucleoid region
  5. Pili
  6. Flagellum
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5
Q

What does the capsule on Prokaryotic cells do?

A
  • Increases virulence (ability to cause disease)
  • Sticks to surfaces
  • Protection from white blood cells
  • Prevents water loss
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6
Q

What does the cell wall in prokaryotic cells do?

A
  • Helps maintain rigidity, strength support, and protection
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7
Q

What does the plasma membrane ( AKA cell membrane) in prokaryotic cells do?

A
  • Controls movement of substances in and out of bacterial cell
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8
Q

What does the nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells do?

A
  • Contains DNA, several protiens and RNA
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9
Q

What is pili in prokaryotic cells and what does it do?

A

Pili is a hair like structure on a bacterial surface
- Different pili have different functions ( ex mobility, attachment, exchange of genetic info.)

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10
Q

What is flagellum in prokaryotic cells and what does it do?

A

Flagellum is a whip like structure on bacteria
- Used for movement 6+

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11
Q

What are plasmids?

A
  • Small circular pieces of bacterial DNA separate from the main chromosome
  • Help in stressful times ( sometimes make host bacterium resistant to antibiotics)
  • Can contain killer genes to protect against other bacteria
  • Involved in gene transfer and increasing diversity
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12
Q

How can you identify prokaryotes?

A
  1. Cell shape - spherical, spiral, rod
  2. Cell wall - gram + or gram -
  3. Movement - snaking, propelling, gliding ect
  4. Respiration
  5. Reproduction
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13
Q

What are the different bacterium shapes?

A

Coccus- Sphere shaped
Bacillius- Rod shaped
Spirillum- Spiral shaped

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14
Q

What are the different bacterium groupings?

A

Mono- One
Diplo- Two
Strepto- in a chain
Staphylo - cluster

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15
Q

What are the 2 unique shapes to archaea?

A

Cannulae and Hamus

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16
Q

What does cannulae look like?

A

Hollow tube like structures that connect cells after division creating a network of cells and tubes ( looks like brain nerves)

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17
Q

What does hamus look like?

A

Long helical tube with three hooks at the far ends. May allow cells to attatch to one another and other surfaces

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18
Q

What is a Gram + cell wall?

A
  • Contains lots oof peptidoglycan in cell wall
  • Stains purple ( positive) with a gram test
  • More receptive to antibiotics
  • Eubacertia
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19
Q

What is a Gram - cell wall?

A
  • Thin peptidoglycan layer in cell wall
  • Stains pink (negative) with a gram test
  • Less receptive to antibiotics
  • Mostly archaea
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20
Q

What helps the movement of eukaryotes?

A

The flagellum, cillia, and non motile

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21
Q

What does the flagellum do in eukaryotes?

A

The flagellum is a tail like structure that propels the bacterium

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22
Q

What does the cillia do in eukaryotes?

A

The cillia is small hair like projections that move back and forth in a synchronized movement

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23
Q

What does the non motile do in eukaryotes?

A

The non motile is a sticky cillia like structure that keeps the bacteriium from mocing

24
Q

Whats the difference from paramecium and bacteria?

A

Paramecium is:
- not prokaryotic
- larger in size
- has cilia
Bactiria is:
- prokaryotic
- smaller in size
- has flagella

25
Q

What are the different archaea bacterial respiration methods?

A
  1. Aerobic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. Obligate aerobes
  4. Obligate anaerobes
  5. Faculative anaerobes
26
Q

What is archaeas Aerobic respiration method?

A

Grows in the presence of oxygen

27
Q

What is archaeas Anaerobic respiration method?

A

Grows in the absence of oxygen

28
Q

What is archaeas Obligate aerobes respiration method?

A

Must have oxygen

29
Q

What is archaeas Obligate anaerobes respiration method?

A

Must have NO oxygen

30
Q

What is archaeas Faculative anaerobes respiration method?

A

Can grown with or without oxygen

31
Q

Archaea are obligate anaerobes living in environment ____ in oxygen

A

Low in oxygen (ex water, soil)

32
Q

What do autotrophs do?

A
  • Make their own energy
  • Use solar energy ( or other chemical compounds) to fix carbon dioxide
33
Q

Whats an example of autorophs?

A

Cyanobacteria

34
Q

What discription can be given to cyanobacteria?

A
  • A photosynthetic bacterium
  • Bluish greenish algae
  • Different chloroplasts than plants
  • Found nearly everywhere on earth
  • Can survive in extremely hot environments and even extremly cold environments.
35
Q

Why are cyanobacteria not in the plant kingdom?

A

Because they can be unicellular and prokaryotic (no nucleus and membrane bound organelles)

36
Q

What do heterotrophs do?

A

They obtain energy from eating other organisms

37
Q

Whats an example of heterotrphs?

A

E coli

38
Q

What do chemotrophs do?

A

Makes its own energy from chemicals like sulfur or hydrogen sulfur

39
Q

Whats an example of chemotrophs?

A

Archaebacteria living in the gut

40
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission ( asexual)

41
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A

Cellular organisms copie its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

42
Q

How does archaea reproduce?

A

Conjugation (sexual)

43
Q

What happens during conjugation?

A

1 bacterial cell passes a copy of plasmid through a hollow pilus ( for example that contains the information such as resistance to penicilin)

44
Q

What are some other aspects of prokaryotes?

A
  • Some eubacteria can produce spores
  • Symbiosis
45
Q

What are eubacterial spores?

A

Cells that can produce sperm

46
Q

Name a spore formation

A

Endospore

47
Q

Why do endospores produce?

A
  • For survival, not reproduction ( only in eubacteria)
  • A strong structure forms around the chromosome during environmental stress
48
Q

What can environmental stress look like?

A
  • High temperatures
  • Irradition
  • Strong acids
  • Disinfectants
49
Q

How long can tetanus and anthrax spore survive?

A

They can survive in soil for many years

50
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

Parasitism, mutualisms, and commensalism

51
Q

What are the characteristics of archaea?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Dont look that different from eubacteria under a microscope
  • VERY different bichemically and genetically (Gram - )
  • Some live in the most extreme environments on earth
52
Q

What are the 4 archaea groups

A
  1. Chemotrophs/Methanogens
  2. Halophiles
  3. Extreme thermophiles
  4. Psychrophiles
53
Q

What are chemotrophs/methanogens?

A

They convert chemical compounds into methane gas

54
Q

What are halophiles?

A

They like and live in salt water (oceans)

55
Q

What are extreme thermophiles?

A

They like warm environments (hot springs)

56
Q

What are psychrophiles?

A

Cold loving organisms (arctic soil)

unit 2 biology (9 decks)

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