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biology 1 pre AP > Virus, Cells, Microscopes test 3 > Flashcards

Virus, Cells, Microscopes test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Most familiar type of microscope

A

Light mircoscope

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2
Q

where to grip microscope when carrying it

A

the arm

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3
Q

what supports the specimen

A

the stage

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4
Q

why does the stage have a hole in the center

A

so light can pass through

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5
Q

how to control how light goes through the specimen

A

diaphram

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6
Q

range of a diaphram

A

1-5

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7
Q

what is slide held down by

A

stage clips

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8
Q

what are the light sources for a light microscope

A

bulb or a mirror

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9
Q

what should never be used as a light source. Why

A

sunlight because it will damage your eyes

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10
Q

where does light go after passing through the specimen

A

objective lens

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11
Q

what are the objective lens magnifications

A

4x, 10x, 40x

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12
Q

what does the body tube do

A

leads light and image from objective lens to the ocualr lense

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13
Q

what is the magnification of the eyepiece

A

10x

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14
Q

what is the total magnification

A

eyepiece times the objective lense

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15
Q

what do you use to switch the objective lense

A

nose piece

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16
Q

what is the coarse adjustment knob

A

largest knob

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17
Q

why shouldnt you use the coarse ajustment knob oh high

A

it will crack and ruin your slide

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18
Q

why is the fine ajustment knob used for

A

minute focusing

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19
Q

which knob should be used first

A

the coarse ajustment knob (on low)

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20
Q

which magnification should you start on

A

low, because its easier to focus

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21
Q

what supports everything

A

the base

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22
Q

what covers the slide

A

the coverslip

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23
Q

what is dry mount presentation

A

not putting a sample drop of water on the slide

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24
Q

how does moving the slide react on the microscope

A

it goes in the opposite direction

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25
Q

what is depth perception

A

what comes to focus first is on the top

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26
Q

how many micrometers are in a milimeter

A

1000

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27
Q

how do you calculate the diameter of a cell

A

field of view divided by number of cells

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28
Q

why does a specimen must be thing for a light microscope

A

so light can pass through it

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29
Q

what is the natural color of a cheek cell

A

clear

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30
Q

what does iodine do

A

make the chloroplast, cell wall, and vacuoles more visible in plant cells

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31
Q

what does salt solution do the plant cells

A

shrink the cell membrane

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32
Q

what is the cell theory

A

all living things are made of cells
cell is a basic unit of life
all cells are made of pre existing cells

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33
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single celled organisms with no nucleus, or speicalized organanelles. They are bacteria that havea cell membrane, dna, and ribosomes

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34
Q

what is in some prokaryotes

A

capsule and cell wall

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35
Q

what is a capsule

A

layer of carbohydrates

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36
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

organism with cells with a true nucleus with membrane bourne organelles

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37
Q

what are examples of eukaryotes

A

anything that isnt a prokaryote

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38
Q

where is cilia found

A

animal cells (eukaryotes)

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39
Q

what does cilia do

A

detect movement

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40
Q

may SOME eukaryotes have fagella

A

yes

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41
Q

what is an animal cell

A

an eukaryotic cell that makes tissue in animals. dosent have a central vacuole, chloroplast or a cell wall

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42
Q

what is unique to animal cells

A

centrioles

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43
Q

what do centrioes do

A

cell division in animal cells

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44
Q

what is mitosis

A

formation of spindle fibers that spearate the chromomsomes during cell division

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45
Q

why do animal cells have a more diverse look

A

they dont have a cell wall

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46
Q

what is a plant cell

A

type of eukaryotic cell within plants that contail chorophyll

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47
Q

what organelles arent found in plant cells

A

centrioles

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48
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

make proteins

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49
Q

what does cytoplasm do

A

contains all organelles and cell parts

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50
Q

what does the cell membrrane do

A

regulates ehat enters and exits the cell

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51
Q

what do the chromosomes do

A

contain genentic information and located inside nucleus

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52
Q

what are chromosomes made of

A

DNA and proteins

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53
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

protect cells and give them stiffness

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54
Q

what are cell walls made of

A

cellulose

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55
Q

what is an eukaryotic nucleus

A

contains the cell genetic material

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56
Q

how much dna is in a human cell

A

two meters

57
Q

what does a nucleolus do

A

mkae incomplete ribosomes with rna

58
Q

what does a bigger nucleolus mean

A

more ribosomes production meaning more proteins

59
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

detroy viruses and invaders, recycles and digests

60
Q

what do lysosomes contain

A

enzymes

61
Q

what do vacuoles do

A

store food, nutrients , waste

62
Q

function of central vacuole in plants

A

structural support, protection, storage, disposal

63
Q

function of small vacuoles in animals

A

temporary storage, transport substances

64
Q

what does the cytoskelton do

A

maintains cells structure, shape and help them

65
Q

whats a microtubule

A

act as a conveyer belt inside the cell, they are thick and work with microfiliaments for structure

66
Q

whats a microfilament

A

partner with microtubules to asssit with structure, also may be in muscle tissue

67
Q

what do centrioles do

A

cell division in animal cells(mitosis)

68
Q

what does cilia do

A

cilia are hair-like structures that help in everyday life, they help cells move

69
Q

ehat does flagella do

A

movement, sensation and signal transduction

70
Q

which cells have flagella

A

pro and eukaryotes may have it

71
Q

which cells have cilia

A

eukaryotes and some bacteria

72
Q

whats the fucntion of the glogi apparatus

A

receives proteins, modifies them and send them away

73
Q

what transports lipids around the cell

A

glogi

74
Q

what are the physical diffrences between glogi and the smooth ER

A

smooth ER is long and skinny, Glogi is rough and fat

75
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

organelles similar to mitochondria, they produce food with photosynthesis

76
Q

what are the three parts of a chlrorplast

A

grana, thykaloid, stroma

77
Q

what are thykaloids

A

membrane that has enzymes for light related reactions of photosynthesis

78
Q

what are grana

A

stacks of thykaloids

79
Q

what is stroma

A

fluid in chlororplast

80
Q

what is the function of stroma

A

break down carbohydrates, synthesize rganic molecules

81
Q

what does the mitochondria do

A

it makes ATP

82
Q

why do plant cells need both mitochondria and choroplasts

A

chloroplasts break stuff into carbon sources(food) and the mitochondria turns carbon sources into energry

83
Q

what is released by the mitochondria

A

CO2 and water

84
Q

what would happen if a cell has lots of mitochondria

A

the cellls temperature would rise

85
Q

what does the mitochondria look like

A

a bean

86
Q

what is an endopasmic reticulum

A

organelle that secretes pakages and sends away

87
Q

what is the rough ER covered in

A

ribosomes

88
Q

what the function of the rough er

A

transport proteins and synthezises them. they are transported to the glogi

89
Q

which organelles help porteins fold properly

A

rough ER

90
Q

whats the fucntion of the smooth er

A

makes lipids, steroids, chemical reactions, detoxifies parsons

91
Q

whats the function of vesticles

A

transport substances from one place to another

92
Q

what other things do vesticles assist in

A

metabolism and enzyme storage

93
Q

what is another part of the vesticile

A

lipid bilayer

94
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm

A

contain all organelles

95
Q

what is the function of peroximes

A

absorb nutrient like fatty acids

96
Q

what are the big 8 characteristics of life life

A

reproduction, made of cells, adaptation through evolution, response to a stimulus, growtwhat characteristics of ife dont apply to virusesh, genetic code, metabolism, homeostsis

97
Q

what characteristics dont apply to viruses

A

made of cells, homeostasis, metabolism, growth

98
Q

what is metabolism

A

chemcial reactions within thr organism

99
Q

what is homeostasis

A

processes living things use to remain stable to survive

100
Q

who discovered cells

A

robert hooke

101
Q

what microscopwe is needed to see viruses

A

electron microscope

102
Q

what is to infer

A

conclude from evidence

103
Q

what is to relicate

A

reproduce

104
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

105
Q

why arent viruses living things

A

they lack amny properties that are associated with living things

106
Q

how do viruses have a diffrent structure than cells

A

viruses and much smaller, have a protein capsid, while cells can reproduce on their own and have organelles

107
Q

what are the two types of viral reproduction

A

lytic and lysogenic

108
Q

what happens during the lytic cycle

A

virus injects the dna into host
host makes parts of the virus
dna and capsid proteins are assembled
formed viruses break out of the cell

109
Q

does the dna mix into the cell dna in the lytic cycle

A

no

110
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria

111
Q

what are the two main parts of a virus

A

the nucleic acids and capsids

112
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle

A

when the virus becomes apart of the cells dna and the cell replicates with the virus dna

113
Q

how can the lysogenic cycle turn into the lytic

A

triggered by an envirmonetal stimuli

114
Q

which cycle does the dna always integrate

A

lysogenic

115
Q

what does HIV do

A

attacks the T cells

116
Q

what type of virus is HIV

A

a retro virus

117
Q

what is a retrovirus

A

when the dna injected turn into dna

118
Q

what doesw HIV inject

A

rna

119
Q

what type of viral reproduction is HIV

A

lysogenic, it becomes part of dna

120
Q

may HIV enter the lytic cycle

A

yes

121
Q

what type of virus reproduction is influenza

A

lytic

122
Q

what does infleunza put into the host cells

A

rna

123
Q

what does infleunza do

A

bind to sugars on epithelial cells

124
Q

why does the flu change every year

A

antigenic drift that makes virus immune to drugs

125
Q

what are the main specialized cells

A 
plant root
skeltal muscle
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
neuron
xylem
epithelial cell
bone cell
plant leaf
126
Q

what does aroot cell do

A

absorb minerals and water from the soil with hairs and the strcuture allows it to increase the surface area

127
Q

what does a neuron do

A

transmits information to other cells and sends signals to the brain. structure branches out to send and receive signals

128
Q

what does xylem do

A

transmits water and solvent from the roots to leaves, their tube structure allows them to transport

129
Q

what do nplant leaf cells do

A

they contain chloropast for the phtosynthesis of the plant, they maximize gas exhange with the large surface area of its structure

130
Q

what do bone cells do

A

growth and repair of bones, buid up proteinorgans, store nutrients and enable mobility

131
Q

what do epitheial cells do

A

serations, selective absorbtion, protection, transcellular transport, sesning. they form diffrent structure for their jobs

132
Q

what are the 3 main types of muscle cells

A

skeltal, cardiac and smooth

133
Q

what do skeltal muscle cells do

A

support movement and coralation with voluntary control, the striations in its structure help it contract

134
Q

what do cardiac cells do

A

contract INVOLUNTARILY in order for the heart to pump blood

135
Q

what do smooth muscle cells do

A

helps organs with involuntary contractions and pushes things up and down. it elongates and contracts to reduce the diameter of blood vessels

136
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen around the body with their strcuture allowing them to maximize oxygen that is carried

137
Q

what makes red blood cells special

A

no nucleus

138
Q

are red blood cells eukaryotic

A

YES

biology 1 pre AP (10 decks)

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