Virus, Cells, Microscopes test 3 Flashcards
Most familiar type of microscope
Light mircoscope
where to grip microscope when carrying it
the arm
what supports the specimen
the stage
why does the stage have a hole in the center
so light can pass through
how to control how light goes through the specimen
diaphram
range of a diaphram
1-5
what is slide held down by
stage clips
what are the light sources for a light microscope
bulb or a mirror
what should never be used as a light source. Why
sunlight because it will damage your eyes
where does light go after passing through the specimen
objective lens
what are the objective lens magnifications
4x, 10x, 40x
what does the body tube do
leads light and image from objective lens to the ocualr lense
what is the magnification of the eyepiece
10x
what is the total magnification
eyepiece times the objective lense
what do you use to switch the objective lense
nose piece
what is the coarse adjustment knob
largest knob
why shouldnt you use the coarse ajustment knob oh high
it will crack and ruin your slide
why is the fine ajustment knob used for
minute focusing
which knob should be used first
the coarse ajustment knob (on low)
which magnification should you start on
low, because its easier to focus
what supports everything
the base
what covers the slide
the coverslip
what is dry mount presentation
not putting a sample drop of water on the slide
how does moving the slide react on the microscope
it goes in the opposite direction
what is depth perception
what comes to focus first is on the top
how many micrometers are in a milimeter
1000
how do you calculate the diameter of a cell
field of view divided by number of cells
why does a specimen must be thing for a light microscope
so light can pass through it
what is the natural color of a cheek cell
clear
what does iodine do
make the chloroplast, cell wall, and vacuoles more visible in plant cells
what does salt solution do the plant cells
shrink the cell membrane
what is the cell theory
all living things are made of cells
cell is a basic unit of life
all cells are made of pre existing cells
what are prokaryotes
single celled organisms with no nucleus, or speicalized organanelles. They are bacteria that havea cell membrane, dna, and ribosomes
what is in some prokaryotes
capsule and cell wall
what is a capsule
layer of carbohydrates
what are eukaryotes
organism with cells with a true nucleus with membrane bourne organelles
what are examples of eukaryotes
anything that isnt a prokaryote
where is cilia found
animal cells (eukaryotes)
what does cilia do
detect movement
may SOME eukaryotes have fagella
yes
what is an animal cell
an eukaryotic cell that makes tissue in animals. dosent have a central vacuole, chloroplast or a cell wall
what is unique to animal cells
centrioles
what do centrioes do
cell division in animal cells
what is mitosis
formation of spindle fibers that spearate the chromomsomes during cell division
why do animal cells have a more diverse look
they dont have a cell wall
what is a plant cell
type of eukaryotic cell within plants that contail chorophyll
what organelles arent found in plant cells
centrioles
what do ribosomes do
make proteins
what does cytoplasm do
contains all organelles and cell parts
what does the cell membrrane do
regulates ehat enters and exits the cell
what do the chromosomes do
contain genentic information and located inside nucleus
what are chromosomes made of
DNA and proteins
what does the cell wall do
protect cells and give them stiffness
what are cell walls made of
cellulose
what is an eukaryotic nucleus
contains the cell genetic material
how much dna is in a human cell
two meters
what does a nucleolus do
mkae incomplete ribosomes with rna
what does a bigger nucleolus mean
more ribosomes production meaning more proteins
what do lysosomes do
detroy viruses and invaders, recycles and digests
what do lysosomes contain
enzymes
what do vacuoles do
store food, nutrients , waste
function of central vacuole in plants
structural support, protection, storage, disposal
function of small vacuoles in animals
temporary storage, transport substances
what does the cytoskelton do
maintains cells structure, shape and help them
whats a microtubule
act as a conveyer belt inside the cell, they are thick and work with microfiliaments for structure
whats a microfilament
partner with microtubules to asssit with structure, also may be in muscle tissue
what do centrioles do
cell division in animal cells(mitosis)
what does cilia do
cilia are hair-like structures that help in everyday life, they help cells move
ehat does flagella do
movement, sensation and signal transduction
which cells have flagella
pro and eukaryotes may have it
which cells have cilia
eukaryotes and some bacteria
whats the fucntion of the glogi apparatus
receives proteins, modifies them and send them away
what transports lipids around the cell
glogi
what are the physical diffrences between glogi and the smooth ER
smooth ER is long and skinny, Glogi is rough and fat
what are chloroplasts
organelles similar to mitochondria, they produce food with photosynthesis
what are the three parts of a chlrorplast
grana, thykaloid, stroma
what are thykaloids
membrane that has enzymes for light related reactions of photosynthesis
what are grana
stacks of thykaloids
what is stroma
fluid in chlororplast
what is the function of stroma
break down carbohydrates, synthesize rganic molecules
what does the mitochondria do
it makes ATP
why do plant cells need both mitochondria and choroplasts
chloroplasts break stuff into carbon sources(food) and the mitochondria turns carbon sources into energry
what is released by the mitochondria
CO2 and water
what would happen if a cell has lots of mitochondria
the cellls temperature would rise
what does the mitochondria look like
a bean
what is an endopasmic reticulum
organelle that secretes pakages and sends away
what is the rough ER covered in
ribosomes
what the function of the rough er
transport proteins and synthezises them. they are transported to the glogi
which organelles help porteins fold properly
rough ER
whats the fucntion of the smooth er
makes lipids, steroids, chemical reactions, detoxifies parsons
whats the function of vesticles
transport substances from one place to another
what other things do vesticles assist in
metabolism and enzyme storage
what is another part of the vesticile
lipid bilayer
what is the function of cytoplasm
contain all organelles
what is the function of peroximes
absorb nutrient like fatty acids
what are the big 8 characteristics of life life
reproduction, made of cells, adaptation through evolution, response to a stimulus, growtwhat characteristics of ife dont apply to virusesh, genetic code, metabolism, homeostsis
what characteristics dont apply to viruses
made of cells, homeostasis, metabolism, growth
what is metabolism
chemcial reactions within thr organism
what is homeostasis
processes living things use to remain stable to survive
who discovered cells
robert hooke
what microscopwe is needed to see viruses
electron microscope
what is to infer
conclude from evidence
what is to relicate
reproduce
what are the levels of organization
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
why arent viruses living things
they lack amny properties that are associated with living things
how do viruses have a diffrent structure than cells
viruses and much smaller, have a protein capsid, while cells can reproduce on their own and have organelles
what are the two types of viral reproduction
lytic and lysogenic
what happens during the lytic cycle
virus injects the dna into host
host makes parts of the virus
dna and capsid proteins are assembled
formed viruses break out of the cell
does the dna mix into the cell dna in the lytic cycle
no
what is a bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
what are the two main parts of a virus
the nucleic acids and capsids
what is the lysogenic cycle
when the virus becomes apart of the cells dna and the cell replicates with the virus dna
how can the lysogenic cycle turn into the lytic
triggered by an envirmonetal stimuli
which cycle does the dna always integrate
lysogenic
what does HIV do
attacks the T cells
what type of virus is HIV
a retro virus
what is a retrovirus
when the dna injected turn into dna
what doesw HIV inject
rna
what type of viral reproduction is HIV
lysogenic, it becomes part of dna
may HIV enter the lytic cycle
yes
what type of virus reproduction is influenza
lytic
what does infleunza put into the host cells
rna
what does infleunza do
bind to sugars on epithelial cells
why does the flu change every year
antigenic drift that makes virus immune to drugs
what are the main specialized cells
plant root skeltal muscle cardiac muscle, smooth muscle neuron xylem epithelial cell bone cell plant leaf
what does aroot cell do
absorb minerals and water from the soil with hairs and the strcuture allows it to increase the surface area
what does a neuron do
transmits information to other cells and sends signals to the brain. structure branches out to send and receive signals
what does xylem do
transmits water and solvent from the roots to leaves, their tube structure allows them to transport
what do nplant leaf cells do
they contain chloropast for the phtosynthesis of the plant, they maximize gas exhange with the large surface area of its structure
what do bone cells do
growth and repair of bones, buid up proteinorgans, store nutrients and enable mobility
what do epitheial cells do
serations, selective absorbtion, protection, transcellular transport, sesning. they form diffrent structure for their jobs
what are the 3 main types of muscle cells
skeltal, cardiac and smooth
what do skeltal muscle cells do
support movement and coralation with voluntary control, the striations in its structure help it contract
what do cardiac cells do
contract INVOLUNTARILY in order for the heart to pump blood
what do smooth muscle cells do
helps organs with involuntary contractions and pushes things up and down. it elongates and contracts to reduce the diameter of blood vessels
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen around the body with their strcuture allowing them to maximize oxygen that is carried
what makes red blood cells special
no nucleus
are red blood cells eukaryotic
YES
