evolution test 4 Flashcards
what is evolution?
process of living organisms changing and adapting over time from earlier forms.
`what is natural selection
the process in which organisms better adapted survive and produce more offspring
what is genetic variation
diversity in the gene frequency in populations
overproduction
when more offspring is produced than can possibly survive
competition for finite resources
competition between organisms that cause a struggle to survive
differential reproductive success
those who are better adapted produce more offspring
speciation
the formation of a new, distinct species in the course of evolution
fossil record
refers o the total # of fossils discovered and he information derived from them. shows the progress of evolution of a species over time
Biogeography
branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals
analogous structures
structures that perform similar functions but have different structure and form
homologous structures
structures that may have different functions, but similar basic structure
molecular evidence
evidence of evolutionary processes driving evolution at a molecular level
ex; amino acid sequences
comparative embryology
branch of embryology that compares and contrasts different species
Gradualism
advancing towards a goal ( evolution ) by gradual, slow changes
punctuated equilibrium
evolution in isolated episodes of rapid evolution, with long periods of little to no change
Allele frequency
the relative frequency of an allele in a population
genetic drift
change in frequency of allele in population due to random sampling of organisms
artificial selection
intentional reproduction of individuals with desirable traits
Mutations
when dna is changed in a way that alters the genetic message carried by the gene
recombinations
the rearrangement of genetic material, usually by crossing over
adaptations
a trait with a current role that has been maintained and evolved by natural selection
mimicry
close external ressemblance of an animal or plant to another animal or plant
common ancestry
a species in which a group of organisms descended from
do all species have genetic variation
yes
what are the processes of evolution
small population, non-random mating, mutations, gene flow, natural selection
what happens in small populations
genetic drift
what are two examples of genetic drift
founders effect, bottleneck effect
what is founder’s effect
descendants of a small, founding population have different allele percentages than where the population founders came from
what is the bottleneck event
the population of survivors of a castastophic event may have diffent allele percentages than the pre- bottleneck population
what is non-random mating
sexual selction- choosing a mate based on different traits
what is gene flow
the movement of genes due to migration increase gene variation
why is natural selection special
it is the only process that leads to adaptations
what are the 6 parts of natural selection
inherited variation, competeion for finite ressources, adaptations, diffrential reproductive sucess, overproductioin, change in population
what is inherited variation
variation through mutations, crossing over, independant assortement
what is an adaptation
any inherited charcateristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
what is chnage in population
characteristics of fit individuals in a population increase over time
how can bacteria become resistant with natural selection
because when the less resistant bacteria are killed off, the resistant one survive , reproduce and make more resistant offspring
how can populations evolve not individuals
because individuals can’t change their genetic material, but allele frequencies in populations can change over time
why are mutations and recombinations important for evolution
because they allow more genetic diversity and genetic material in organisms to evolve over time
when was the formation of the earth
4.5 billion years ago
when did prokaryotic life start
3.9 billion years ago
when did photosynthesis start
3.5 billion years ago
when did eukaryotic life start
2.5 billion years ago
when did multicellularity start
1.5 billion years ago
what are the main biomolecules
carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acids
what are the four steps to the orgin of life on earth
- formation of biomolecules
- formation of proto- cells
- development of information molecule- RNA
- reproduction
why was RNA considered the first genetic material material
because it’s single stranded , makes copies of itself , has catalytic abilities
what is the emdosymbiotic theory
the first eukaryote was formed with a symbionic relationship between two prokaryotes
what is a symbionic relationship
when one prokaryote was injested and lived inside the other
what is taxonomy
the science of classifying organisms
what are the 7 levels of classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
what is binomial nomenclature. How do u write it
First word is genus, first letter capital. Second word is species, first letter not capital. Written in italic/underlined
what are the six kingdom
Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia, Protista
describe Archabacteria
unicellular, autrophic and hetrophic, prokaryote * primitive**
describe eubacteria
unicellular, autrophic and hetrophic, prokaryote comen bacteria
descibe fungi
multicellular, hetrophic, eukaryoticm, recycles, no chlorophyll
describe plantae
multicellular, autrophic with exceptions, eukaryote, photosynthesis,
describe animalia
multicellular, hetrophic, eukaryotic, most can move,
protista
unicellular, hetrophic or autrophic, eukaryotes, stuff that can’t be classified as plants
example of protista
algae, kelp
