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biology 1 pre AP > evolution test 4 > Flashcards

evolution test 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution?

A

process of living organisms changing and adapting over time from earlier forms.

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2
Q

`what is natural selection

A

the process in which organisms better adapted survive and produce more offspring

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3
Q

what is genetic variation

A

diversity in the gene frequency in populations

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4
Q

overproduction

A

when more offspring is produced than can possibly survive

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5
Q

competition for finite resources

A

competition between organisms that cause a struggle to survive

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6
Q

differential reproductive success

A

those who are better adapted produce more offspring

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7
Q

speciation

A

the formation of a new, distinct species in the course of evolution

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8
Q

fossil record

A

refers o the total # of fossils discovered and he information derived from them. shows the progress of evolution of a species over time

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9
Q

Biogeography

A

branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals

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10
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that perform similar functions but have different structure and form

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11
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that may have different functions, but similar basic structure

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12
Q

molecular evidence

A

evidence of evolutionary processes driving evolution at a molecular level

ex; amino acid sequences

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13
Q

comparative embryology

A

branch of embryology that compares and contrasts different species

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14
Q

Gradualism

A

advancing towards a goal ( evolution ) by gradual, slow changes

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15
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

evolution in isolated episodes of rapid evolution, with long periods of little to no change

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16
Q

Allele frequency

A

the relative frequency of an allele in a population

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17
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequency of allele in population due to random sampling of organisms

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18
Q

artificial selection

A

intentional reproduction of individuals with desirable traits

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19
Q

Mutations

A

when dna is changed in a way that alters the genetic message carried by the gene

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20
Q

recombinations

A

the rearrangement of genetic material, usually by crossing over

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21
Q

adaptations

A

a trait with a current role that has been maintained and evolved by natural selection

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22
Q

mimicry

A

close external ressemblance of an animal or plant to another animal or plant

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23
Q

common ancestry

A

a species in which a group of organisms descended from

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24
Q

do all species have genetic variation

A

yes

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25
Q

what are the processes of evolution

A

small population, non-random mating, mutations, gene flow, natural selection

26
Q

what happens in small populations

A

genetic drift

27
Q

what are two examples of genetic drift

A

founders effect, bottleneck effect

28
Q

what is founder’s effect

A

descendants of a small, founding population have different allele percentages than where the population founders came from

29
Q

what is the bottleneck event

A

the population of survivors of a castastophic event may have diffent allele percentages than the pre- bottleneck population

30
Q

what is non-random mating

A

sexual selction- choosing a mate based on different traits

31
Q

what is gene flow

A

the movement of genes due to migration increase gene variation

32
Q

why is natural selection special

A

it is the only process that leads to adaptations

33
Q

what are the 6 parts of natural selection

A

inherited variation, competeion for finite ressources, adaptations, diffrential reproductive sucess, overproductioin, change in population

34
Q

what is inherited variation

A

variation through mutations, crossing over, independant assortement

35
Q

what is an adaptation

A

any inherited charcateristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

36
Q

what is chnage in population

A

characteristics of fit individuals in a population increase over time

37
Q

how can bacteria become resistant with natural selection

A

because when the less resistant bacteria are killed off, the resistant one survive , reproduce and make more resistant offspring

38
Q

how can populations evolve not individuals

A

because individuals can’t change their genetic material, but allele frequencies in populations can change over time

39
Q

why are mutations and recombinations important for evolution

A

because they allow more genetic diversity and genetic material in organisms to evolve over time

40
Q

when was the formation of the earth

A

4.5 billion years ago

41
Q

when did prokaryotic life start

A

3.9 billion years ago

42
Q

when did photosynthesis start

A

3.5 billion years ago

43
Q

when did eukaryotic life start

A

2.5 billion years ago

44
Q

when did multicellularity start

A

1.5 billion years ago

45
Q

what are the main biomolecules

A

carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acids

46
Q

what are the four steps to the orgin of life on earth

A
  1. formation of biomolecules
  2. formation of proto- cells
  3. development of information molecule- RNA
  4. reproduction
47
Q

why was RNA considered the first genetic material material

A

because it’s single stranded , makes copies of itself , has catalytic abilities

48
Q

what is the emdosymbiotic theory

A

the first eukaryote was formed with a symbionic relationship between two prokaryotes

49
Q

what is a symbionic relationship

A

when one prokaryote was injested and lived inside the other

50
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the science of classifying organisms

51
Q

what are the 7 levels of classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

52
Q

what is binomial nomenclature. How do u write it

A

First word is genus, first letter capital. Second word is species, first letter not capital. Written in italic/underlined

53
Q

what are the six kingdom

A

Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia, Protista

54
Q

describe Archabacteria

A

unicellular, autrophic and hetrophic, prokaryote * primitive**

55
Q

describe eubacteria

A

unicellular, autrophic and hetrophic, prokaryote comen bacteria

56
Q

descibe fungi

A

multicellular, hetrophic, eukaryoticm, recycles, no chlorophyll

57
Q

describe plantae

A

multicellular, autrophic with exceptions, eukaryote, photosynthesis,

58
Q

describe animalia

A

multicellular, hetrophic, eukaryotic, most can move,

59
Q

protista

A

unicellular, hetrophic or autrophic, eukaryotes, stuff that can’t be classified as plants

60
Q

example of protista

A

algae, kelp

biology 1 pre AP (10 decks)

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