FINALS SEMESTER 1 Flashcards
measure of an ant
mm
volume of a rain drop
mL
the mass of a tiger
kg
the length of a lizard
cm or m
what is the independant variable
the variable whos change directly affects the dep variable
what is the dependant variable
the may that may change as a result of change in the independent variable
what is the control
what is controlled to measure the effect of a diffrent variable
what substances will dissolve in water
polar / hydrophyllic molecules
what is hydrophyllic
water loving and dissolves in water
what is hydrophobic
dosnt like water and dosent dissolve in water
why is water a polar molecule
because electrons are shared unequally between oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms
which part of water is positive
the hydrogens
what part of water is negative
the oxygen
what is neutral on a pH scale
7
what is basic on a pH scale
higher than 7
what is acidic on a pH scale
lower than 7
what is a polymer
a big molecule made from small ones
what make up polymers
monomers
what do polymers make up
biomolecules
what are example of biomolecules
carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
what is the monomer for protein
amino acids
what is the monomer for lipid
fatty acid and glycerol
monomer for carbohydrates
monosaccarides
monomer for nucleic acids
nucleotides
main function of proteins
to be enzymes
main function of lipids
energy storage
main function of carbohydrate
quick energy
plant cell wall
what is the main function nucleic acids
transfer information
example of protein
skin, pepsin
example of lipid
phospholipids, oils
example o carbohydrate
starch
example of nucleic acids
dna and rna
elements of a protein
CHON
elements of lipid
CHO
elements of a carbohydrate
CHO
elements of a nucleic acid
CHONP
which group of biomolecules include glycogen , cellulose, starch and glucose
carbohydrates
what group of biomolecules include lipase, proteins and amylase
proteins
which biomolecules has a double oxygen bond
proteins do
which is the only biomolecule with phosphate
nucleic acids
what determines the function of a protein
their shape
what determines the shape of the protein
the sequence of amino acids
3 examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
do lipids or sugars contain more energy
lipid contain more energy because it has more bonds and more bonds mean more energy
what does catalase break down
hydrogen peroxide
what does hydrogen peroxide become once it s broken down
it becomes water and oxygen
how many types of substraits can each type of enzyme break down
one !!!!
what affects do enzymes have on chemical reactions
they enable them, speed them up, and lower the activation energy
what happens in synthesis
molecules are put together
joins monomers
uses atp
why hapens in digestion/hydrolysis
molecules are taken apart
you get raw materials
undos polymers
why are enzymes needed for synthesis and digestion
because they control these reactions
how does temperature increase affect enzyme activity
temp increase will increase reaction rate because molecules move faster, but after reaching optimal temperature, the rate will decrease with temperature increase and denature
how does temperature decrease affect enzyme activity
it decreases the reaction rate because the molecules move slower
what happens when an enzyme is denatured by temperature but the temperature goes back to normal
the enzyme stays denatured
how does pH increase affect enzyme activity
as you increase the pH the rate of reaction will increase but after passing the optimal pH the reaction rate will decrease and eventually denature
what happens if an enzyme is denatured by pH but the pH returns to normal
the enzyme will regain its shape and can continue to function
how does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction
it will increase the rate of reaction up to a certain point when any more increase won’t affect the rate of reaction
how does substrate concentration affect reaction rate
it will increase the rate of reaction up to a certain point when anymore increase wont affect the rate of reaction
could catalase break down starch
no cuz its not the right shape !!!!!
define denature
the protein loses it’s shape and cannot do its job
where does mechanical digestion occur
mouth and stomach
where does chemical digestion occur
the mouth, the small intestine, the stomach
what is the function of the gall bladder
storage of the bile enzyme
what is the function of the liver
to produce bile
whats the function of the small intestine
digest carbs , proteins, lipids. absorption of food through villi and microvilli
what is the function of the large intestine
re - absorb water, digest cellulose using bacteria
what is the of the epiglottis
closes the trachea and allows food the esophagus
what is the function of the stomach
food is disinfected, stored, where proteins are digested
what is the function of the pancreas
produce digestive enzymes for the small intestine
where can proteins be digested
stomach, small intestine
which enzymes digest proteins
pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin
where are lipids digested
the small intestine
which enzymes digest lipids
lipase, bile
where are starches digested
small intestine, mouth
what enzymes digest starches
amylase
levels of organisation from simple to most complex
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
the cell theory
all living things are made of cells
a cell is a basic unit of life
all cells are made of pre existing cells
what organelles do all cells have
nucleolus(DNA), cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane
what makes prokaryotes diffrent than eukaryotes
prokaryotic cells do not have a proper nucleus and membrane organelles
what organanelles are in plant cells but not animal cells
cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
what is the function of the cell membrane
regulates what enters and what exits the cell
what is the function of the cell wall
maintain cell shape, support and strengthen plant, resist water damage, physical barrier
what’s the function of the cytoplasm
contains all organelles
function of ribosomes
makes proteins with rna instructions
function of the nucleus
holds and protects dna
function of centrioles
develops spindle fibers for cell division
function of the rough er
transports proteins to the glogi
function of the smooth er
makes lipids and chemical reactions
vacuole function
hold material and waste
mitochondria function
make ATP with cellular respiration
lysosome function
digest things in the cell
destroys viruses and invaders
which cell structures would be visible in a unstained cell at 400x
cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
which organalle would be in cells with lots of energy
mitochondria
what is cell diffrientation
when diffrent cells look diffrent for their diffrent jobs
what is the function of epithelial cells
transport, secretion, sensing,
whats the function of bone cells
bone growth
whats the function of nerve cells
transmit information
what do you calculate the diameter of a cell
field of view divided by number of cells
why is a virus not a living thing
because it depends on cells to reproduce
what happens in the the lytic cycle
virus injects dna into host then it replicates itself in the cell until the cell lyses
does the dna integrate in the lytic cycle
no
what is hiv
human immunodefiency virus
what does hiv target
immune cells
what are the main components of the cell membrane
the phospholippids and the proteins
what are the parts of the phospoholipid
hydrophyllic heads and hydrophobic tails
what are the 3 functions of the cell membrane
regulate transport
cell communication
support and protection for the cell
three characteristics of diffusion
no energy required
high to low concentration
small , polar molecules
what is osmosis
movement of water from high to low concentration
what concentration of solutes does water follow
the higher concentration of solutes and the lower concentration of water
what is an isotonic solution
when the concentration of solutes is the same in the cell and solution
what is an hypotonic sulution
when the concentration of solutes in the cell is higher than the solution
what is a hypertonic solution
when the concentration of solutes in the cell is lower than in the solution
why do plant cells not burst when placed in a hypotonic solution
because the cell wall is strong enough to stop it from bursting
which organelle in the plant is most affected by the process of osmosis
the central vacuole because it absorbs the most water
what is plant cell in isotonic
flacid
plant cell in hypotonic
turgid
plant cell in hypertonic
plasmalyzed
what organelle does water balance, gas exchange, excretion in a single celled organism
cell membrane
which process do plants absorb nutrients from the surrounding soil
facilitated diffusion
3 characteristics of active transport
for low to high concentration
uses atp
moves iones and alrger molecules
which types of transport require a protein
facilitated diffusion and active transport
does water need to be digested before diffusing into a cell
no
does protein need to be digested before diffusing into a cell
yes
does fat need to be digested before diffusing into a cell
yes
does starch need to be digested before diffusing into a cell
yes
does oxygen need to be digested before diffusing into a cell
no
does co2 need to be digested before diffusing into a cell
no
which organelle maintains homeostais in cells
the cell memebrane
what is metabolism
chemical reactions that occur within an organism to make energy
what is the main nutrient in metabolism
glucose
where is the energy stored in glucose
the chemical bonds
where does all energy come from originally
the sun
chemical reaction fro photosynthesis
carbon dioxyde and water react with sunlight to form glucose and oxygen
which molcules in phtosynthesis are organic
glucose
which molecules in photosynthesis are not organic
water, co2 and oxygen
which organelle does phtotsynthesis take place
the chloroplasts
what happens in the light dep reaction
what turns into oxygen
where does the light dep reaction occur
the thykaloids in the chlorplasts
what happens in the light ind reaction
co2 gets turned into glucose
what affect does light have on phtosynthesis
it increases it
how does temp affect phtosynthesis
it increases it until it gets too hot and enzymes denature
what is the functions of the guard cells and stomata
to regulate gas exchange
where in the leaf does most photosyntheis occur
top of leaf
why are there lots of chloroplasts at the top of the leaf
so they can get the most sun possible
what process converts radiant energy into stored energy
photosynthesis
what process releases the chemical energy stored in food into usable energy
cell respiration
what is the chemical formula for cell respiration
glucose and oxygen make co2 and water and ATP
is atp organic
yes
what organanelle is involved in cellular respiration
the mitochondria
what is aerobic respiration
cell respiration with 02 present that produces co2 and water as a by product
what is inaerobic respiration
respiration without 02 present that produces lactic acid or alcohol as a by product
what are the two types of fermentation
lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
what happens to oxygen levels in cell respiration
decrease
what happens to co2 levels in cell respiration
increase
what happens to oxygen levels in phtotsynthesis
increase
what happens to co2 levels in phtotsynthesis
decrease
what is the cell cycle
series of events leading up to its divison and duplication if dna
what is G1
cell growth
cellular contents duplicated (not dna)
what happens in S
dna is replicated
what happens in G2
check point to make correction
what happens in mitosis
genetic material is divided in two
what happens in cytokinesis
cytoplasm divison that creates two separate cells
how many daughter cells are produced by mitosis
2 identical
what would happen if mitosis was not followed by cytokinesis
the cell would divide and would have two sets of dna
what is cancer
uncontrolled cell growth with mutations
what is a tumor
a large clump of rapidly dividing cells
why do tumors have a negative effect on surrounding tissue
it takes up energy and nutrients from surrounding tissue
how many chromosomes do cells have
46
what is messy dna
chromaTIN
what is half of a chromosome
chomaTID
