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biology 1 pre AP > FINALS SEMESTER 1 > Flashcards

FINALS SEMESTER 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

measure of an ant

A

mm

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2
Q

volume of a rain drop

A

mL

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3
Q

the mass of a tiger

A

kg

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4
Q

the length of a lizard

A

cm or m

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5
Q

what is the independant variable

A

the variable whos change directly affects the dep variable

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6
Q

what is the dependant variable

A

the may that may change as a result of change in the independent variable

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7
Q

what is the control

A

what is controlled to measure the effect of a diffrent variable

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8
Q

what substances will dissolve in water

A

polar / hydrophyllic molecules

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9
Q

what is hydrophyllic

A

water loving and dissolves in water

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10
Q

what is hydrophobic

A

dosnt like water and dosent dissolve in water

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11
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

because electrons are shared unequally between oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms

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12
Q

which part of water is positive

A

the hydrogens

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13
Q

what part of water is negative

A

the oxygen

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14
Q

what is neutral on a pH scale

A

7

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15
Q

what is basic on a pH scale

A

higher than 7

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16
Q

what is acidic on a pH scale

A

lower than 7

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17
Q

what is a polymer

A

a big molecule made from small ones

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18
Q

what make up polymers

A

monomers

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19
Q

what do polymers make up

A

biomolecules

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20
Q

what are example of biomolecules

A

carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

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21
Q

what is the monomer for protein

A

amino acids

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22
Q

what is the monomer for lipid

A

fatty acid and glycerol

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23
Q

monomer for carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides

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24
Q

monomer for nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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25
Q

main function of proteins

A

to be enzymes

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26
Q

main function of lipids

A

energy storage

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27
Q

main function of carbohydrate

A

quick energy

plant cell wall

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28
Q

what is the main function nucleic acids

A

transfer information

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29
Q

example of protein

A

skin, pepsin

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30
Q

example of lipid

A

phospholipids, oils

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31
Q

example o carbohydrate

A

starch

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32
Q

example of nucleic acids

A

dna and rna

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33
Q

elements of a protein

A

CHON

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34
Q

elements of lipid

A

CHO

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35
Q

elements of a carbohydrate

A

CHO

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36
Q

elements of a nucleic acid

A

CHONP

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37
Q

which group of biomolecules include glycogen , cellulose, starch and glucose

A

carbohydrates

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38
Q

what group of biomolecules include lipase, proteins and amylase

A

proteins

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39
Q

which biomolecules has a double oxygen bond

A

proteins do

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40
Q

which is the only biomolecule with phosphate

A

nucleic acids

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41
Q

what determines the function of a protein

A

their shape

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42
Q

what determines the shape of the protein

A

the sequence of amino acids

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43
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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44
Q

do lipids or sugars contain more energy

A

lipid contain more energy because it has more bonds and more bonds mean more energy

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45
Q

what does catalase break down

A

hydrogen peroxide

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46
Q

what does hydrogen peroxide become once it s broken down

A

it becomes water and oxygen

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47
Q

how many types of substraits can each type of enzyme break down

A

one !!!!

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48
Q

what affects do enzymes have on chemical reactions

A

they enable them, speed them up, and lower the activation energy

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49
Q

what happens in synthesis

A

molecules are put together
joins monomers
uses atp

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50
Q

why hapens in digestion/hydrolysis

A

molecules are taken apart
you get raw materials
undos polymers

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51
Q

why are enzymes needed for synthesis and digestion

A

because they control these reactions

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52
Q

how does temperature increase affect enzyme activity

A

temp increase will increase reaction rate because molecules move faster, but after reaching optimal temperature, the rate will decrease with temperature increase and denature

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53
Q

how does temperature decrease affect enzyme activity

A

it decreases the reaction rate because the molecules move slower

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54
Q

what happens when an enzyme is denatured by temperature but the temperature goes back to normal

A

the enzyme stays denatured

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55
Q

how does pH increase affect enzyme activity

A

as you increase the pH the rate of reaction will increase but after passing the optimal pH the reaction rate will decrease and eventually denature

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56
Q

what happens if an enzyme is denatured by pH but the pH returns to normal

A

the enzyme will regain its shape and can continue to function

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57
Q

how does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction

A

it will increase the rate of reaction up to a certain point when any more increase won’t affect the rate of reaction

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58
Q

how does substrate concentration affect reaction rate

A

it will increase the rate of reaction up to a certain point when anymore increase wont affect the rate of reaction

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59
Q

could catalase break down starch

A

no cuz its not the right shape !!!!!

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60
Q

define denature

A

the protein loses it’s shape and cannot do its job

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61
Q

where does mechanical digestion occur

A

mouth and stomach

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62
Q

where does chemical digestion occur

A

the mouth, the small intestine, the stomach

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63
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder

A

storage of the bile enzyme

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64
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

to produce bile

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65
Q

whats the function of the small intestine

A

digest carbs , proteins, lipids. absorption of food through villi and microvilli

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66
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

re - absorb water, digest cellulose using bacteria

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67
Q

what is the of the epiglottis

A

closes the trachea and allows food the esophagus

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68
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

food is disinfected, stored, where proteins are digested

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69
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

produce digestive enzymes for the small intestine

70
Q

where can proteins be digested

A

stomach, small intestine

71
Q

which enzymes digest proteins

A

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

72
Q

where are lipids digested

A

the small intestine

73
Q

which enzymes digest lipids

A

lipase, bile

74
Q

where are starches digested

A

small intestine, mouth

75
Q

what enzymes digest starches

A

amylase

76
Q

levels of organisation from simple to most complex

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

77
Q

the cell theory

A

all living things are made of cells
a cell is a basic unit of life
all cells are made of pre existing cells

78
Q

what organelles do all cells have

A

nucleolus(DNA), cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane

79
Q

what makes prokaryotes diffrent than eukaryotes

A

prokaryotic cells do not have a proper nucleus and membrane organelles

80
Q

what organanelles are in plant cells but not animal cells

A

cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

81
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

regulates what enters and what exits the cell

82
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

maintain cell shape, support and strengthen plant, resist water damage, physical barrier

83
Q

what’s the function of the cytoplasm

A

contains all organelles

84
Q

function of ribosomes

A

makes proteins with rna instructions

85
Q

function of the nucleus

A

holds and protects dna

86
Q

function of centrioles

A

develops spindle fibers for cell division

87
Q

function of the rough er

A

transports proteins to the glogi

88
Q

function of the smooth er

A

makes lipids and chemical reactions

89
Q

vacuole function

A

hold material and waste

90
Q

mitochondria function

A

make ATP with cellular respiration

91
Q

lysosome function

A

digest things in the cell

destroys viruses and invaders

92
Q

which cell structures would be visible in a unstained cell at 400x

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

93
Q

which organalle would be in cells with lots of energy

A

mitochondria

94
Q

what is cell diffrientation

A

when diffrent cells look diffrent for their diffrent jobs

95
Q

what is the function of epithelial cells

A

transport, secretion, sensing,

96
Q

whats the function of bone cells

A

bone growth

97
Q

whats the function of nerve cells

A

transmit information

98
Q

what do you calculate the diameter of a cell

A

field of view divided by number of cells

99
Q

why is a virus not a living thing

A

because it depends on cells to reproduce

100
Q

what happens in the the lytic cycle

A

virus injects dna into host then it replicates itself in the cell until the cell lyses

101
Q

does the dna integrate in the lytic cycle

A

no

102
Q

what is hiv

A

human immunodefiency virus

103
Q

what does hiv target

A

immune cells

104
Q

what are the main components of the cell membrane

A

the phospholippids and the proteins

105
Q

what are the parts of the phospoholipid

A

hydrophyllic heads and hydrophobic tails

106
Q

what are the 3 functions of the cell membrane

A

regulate transport
cell communication
support and protection for the cell

107
Q

three characteristics of diffusion

A

no energy required
high to low concentration
small , polar molecules

108
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water from high to low concentration

109
Q

what concentration of solutes does water follow

A

the higher concentration of solutes and the lower concentration of water

110
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

when the concentration of solutes is the same in the cell and solution

111
Q

what is an hypotonic sulution

A

when the concentration of solutes in the cell is higher than the solution

112
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

when the concentration of solutes in the cell is lower than in the solution

113
Q

why do plant cells not burst when placed in a hypotonic solution

A

because the cell wall is strong enough to stop it from bursting

114
Q

which organelle in the plant is most affected by the process of osmosis

A

the central vacuole because it absorbs the most water

115
Q

what is plant cell in isotonic

A

flacid

116
Q

plant cell in hypotonic

A

turgid

117
Q

plant cell in hypertonic

A

plasmalyzed

118
Q

what organelle does water balance, gas exchange, excretion in a single celled organism

A

cell membrane

119
Q

which process do plants absorb nutrients from the surrounding soil

A

facilitated diffusion

120
Q

3 characteristics of active transport

A

for low to high concentration
uses atp
moves iones and alrger molecules

121
Q

which types of transport require a protein

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

122
Q

does water need to be digested before diffusing into a cell

A

no

123
Q

does protein need to be digested before diffusing into a cell

A

yes

124
Q

does fat need to be digested before diffusing into a cell

A

yes

125
Q

does starch need to be digested before diffusing into a cell

A

yes

126
Q

does oxygen need to be digested before diffusing into a cell

A

no

127
Q

does co2 need to be digested before diffusing into a cell

A

no

128
Q

which organelle maintains homeostais in cells

A

the cell memebrane

129
Q

what is metabolism

A

chemical reactions that occur within an organism to make energy

130
Q

what is the main nutrient in metabolism

A

glucose

131
Q

where is the energy stored in glucose

A

the chemical bonds

132
Q

where does all energy come from originally

A

the sun

133
Q

chemical reaction fro photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxyde and water react with sunlight to form glucose and oxygen

134
Q

which molcules in phtosynthesis are organic

A

glucose

135
Q

which molecules in photosynthesis are not organic

A

water, co2 and oxygen

136
Q

which organelle does phtotsynthesis take place

A

the chloroplasts

137
Q

what happens in the light dep reaction

A

what turns into oxygen

138
Q

where does the light dep reaction occur

A

the thykaloids in the chlorplasts

139
Q

what happens in the light ind reaction

A

co2 gets turned into glucose

140
Q

what affect does light have on phtosynthesis

A

it increases it

141
Q

how does temp affect phtosynthesis

A

it increases it until it gets too hot and enzymes denature

142
Q

what is the functions of the guard cells and stomata

A

to regulate gas exchange

143
Q

where in the leaf does most photosyntheis occur

A

top of leaf

144
Q

why are there lots of chloroplasts at the top of the leaf

A

so they can get the most sun possible

145
Q

what process converts radiant energy into stored energy

A

photosynthesis

146
Q

what process releases the chemical energy stored in food into usable energy

A

cell respiration

147
Q

what is the chemical formula for cell respiration

A

glucose and oxygen make co2 and water and ATP

148
Q

is atp organic

A

yes

149
Q

what organanelle is involved in cellular respiration

A

the mitochondria

150
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

cell respiration with 02 present that produces co2 and water as a by product

151
Q

what is inaerobic respiration

A

respiration without 02 present that produces lactic acid or alcohol as a by product

152
Q

what are the two types of fermentation

A

lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

153
Q

what happens to oxygen levels in cell respiration

A

decrease

154
Q

what happens to co2 levels in cell respiration

A

increase

155
Q

what happens to oxygen levels in phtotsynthesis

A

increase

156
Q

what happens to co2 levels in phtotsynthesis

A

decrease

157
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

series of events leading up to its divison and duplication if dna

158
Q

what is G1

A

cell growth

cellular contents duplicated (not dna)

159
Q

what happens in S

A

dna is replicated

160
Q

what happens in G2

A

check point to make correction

161
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

genetic material is divided in two

162
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divison that creates two separate cells

163
Q

how many daughter cells are produced by mitosis

A

2 identical

164
Q

what would happen if mitosis was not followed by cytokinesis

A

the cell would divide and would have two sets of dna

165
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth with mutations

166
Q

what is a tumor

A

a large clump of rapidly dividing cells

167
Q

why do tumors have a negative effect on surrounding tissue

A

it takes up energy and nutrients from surrounding tissue

168
Q

how many chromosomes do cells have

A

46

169
Q

what is messy dna

A

chromaTIN

170
Q

what is half of a chromosome

A

chomaTID

biology 1 pre AP (10 decks)

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