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Virology > Viral Pathogenesis II (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Viral Pathogenesis II (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

An increased susceptibility leads to increased viral _________.

A

replication

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2
Q

List the 6 factors of a host that determines the manifestation of viral disease.

A
  1. immune status
  2. genetics
  3. age
  4. nutrition
  5. fever
  6. body surface barriers
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3
Q

Which host factor can determine the severity of viral disease by Rotavirus?

A

age

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4
Q

What two specific Rotaviruses are more severe in younger animals due to the immune maturation stage of target cells?

A

Canine Parvovirus
Feline Panleukopenia

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5
Q

Canine Parvovirus infects ________ while Feline Panleukopenia infects ________.

A

cardiomyocytes
cerebellar neurons

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6
Q

An elevated host temperature (inhibits/enhances) viral replication and (inhibits/enhances) inflammation and clearance of the virus.

A

inhibits
enhances

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7
Q

(T/F) Both the virus and the host immune system evolve in response to the other.

A

True

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8
Q

In many viral infections, _______ may be more important than other immune system resistance mechanisms.

A

interferons

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9
Q

List two parts of the innate immune response that are important in inhibiting viral replication.

A

interferons
cytokines

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10
Q

______ function in limiting viral infection of cells, as part of the innate immune system.

A

NK cells

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11
Q

Viruses evolve to turn on and off ______ of the immune system for its replication needs.

A

cytokines

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12
Q

Which virus has evolved to control cytokines to benefit in replication?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

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13
Q

_______ are a major target cell or reservoir for viruses, specifically lentiviruses.

A

macrophages

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14
Q

________ allow for a faster and greater immune response against a virus.

A

vaccines

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15
Q

________ immunity prevents the initial entry of a virus and decreases the initial viral load in the blood.

A

humoral (antibody)

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16
Q

________ immunity functions in recovery from an established viral infection via viral lysis.

A

cell-mediated

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17
Q

If a fetus is infected by a virus early in gestation, a virus can avoid immunity by what mechanism?

A

tolerance

18
Q

What virus infects calves early in gestation leading to tolerance and lifelong viral shedding?

A

BVD

19
Q

Which virus infects neurons and therefore, avoids immunity by infecting an immune-privileged site?

A

Alpha Herpes Virus

20
Q

(T/F) Viruses can evade immunity by downregulating viral proteins and surface proteins so antibody cannot bind.

A

False - only viral proteins (cannot downregulate surface proteins)

21
Q

What type of viruses can downregulate viral proteins to evade a host’s immune system?

A

herpes virus (bovine 1, equine, canine, feline)

22
Q

Viruses can evade the host’s T cell response by infecting cells without _________.

A

Class I MHC

23
Q

Which two viruses evade a host’s immune system by infecting cells without MHC I (neurons) and cause a latent or persistent infection?

A

Alpha Herpes Virus
Canine Distemper Virus

24
Q

Viruses can evade the host’s immune system by integrating their genome into the host genome. Which type of virus can do this?

A

retroviruses (bovine leukemia virus)

25
Q

A virus can evade a host’s immune system by infecting which two immune cell types?

A

lymphocytes
macrophages

26
Q

Which two viruses infect lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to a loss of function and evasion of the immune system?

A

FIV
Canine Distemper

27
Q

Viruses which cause Aleutian Disease in mink and African Swine Fever in swine can evade a host’s immune system by induction of non-neutralizing _________, so the viral infection cannot be prevented.

A

antibody

28
Q

Viruses can evade the immune system through subtle mutation of viral genes which allow for a replication and evasion advantage. What is the process called?

A

antigenic drift

29
Q

What may be responsible for large numbers of serologically distinct strains of many viruses?

A

antigenic drift

30
Q

What process occurs when a virus can reassort and obtain segments from two different viruses and cause severe epidemics?

A

antigenic shift

31
Q

Antigenic shift is responsible for epidemics of what viral disease?

A

influenza

32
Q

_________ and ________ viruses inhibit MHC function by interfering with transport or loading of MHC complex so T cells cannot recognize them.

A

herpes
adeno

33
Q

When immune response to a viral infection causes the actual disease, this is called:

A

immunopathology

34
Q

When a persistent virus leads the immune response to cause more damage, this process is called:

A

bystander effect

35
Q

Distemper, Visna, Caprine Arthritis, and FIP are all examples of __________.

A

immunopathology

36
Q

Which two viruses are examples of viruses which cause immune complex diseases?

A

Equine Infectious Anemia
African Swine Fever

37
Q

List two viruses which cause immunosuppression, and therefore, can predispose a host to opportunistic infections.

A

Canine Distemper
FIV

38
Q

When a virus remains for a long period without killing cells and is not eliminated by the immune system, this is called a _________ infection.

A

persistent

39
Q

Match the virus to which cell type it causes a persistent infection in:

Alpha Herpes Virus
Lentiviruses
Retroviruses

A
  1. neurons
  2. lymphocytes / macrophages
  3. lymphocytes
40
Q

(T/F) Animals with a latent, persistent viral infection will continuously shed the virus and are a source of infection for other hosts.

A

False - only shed during episodes or none

41
Q

(T/F) Chronic viral infections can be cytopathic or immunopathologic.

A

True

Virology (13 decks)

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