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Gastroenterology > Viral Hepatitis > Flashcards

Viral Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

Which hepatitis virus is a double-stranded DNA hepadnavirus?

A

Hepatitis B

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2
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread?

A

Spread through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids

Vertical transmission form mother to child.

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3
Q

What is the incubation period of hepatitis B?

A

6-20 weeks

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4
Q

What are the features of Hepatitis B?

A
  • Fever
  • Jaundice
  • Elevated liver transaminases.
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5
Q

What are some complications of hepatitis B infection?

A
  • Chronic hepatitis (5-10%)
  • Fulminant liver failure (1%)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Polyarteritis nodosa
  • Cryoglobulinaemia
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6
Q

For hepatitis B, how many vaccinations are given and then how long until another booster is given?

A

3 doses of the vaccine are given and the booster is then given 5 years after the first vaccination.

(It is not routine and mainly if you are having exposure prone procedures)

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7
Q

What at risk groups should be vaccinated for Hep B?

A
  • Healthcare workers
  • IV drug users
  • Sex workers
  • Close family contacts of an individual with Hep B
  • CKD patient who may soon require dialysis.
  • Prisoners
  • Chronic liver disease
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8
Q

What percentage of adults fail to respond to the vaccine and why?

A

10-15%

Due to obesity, alcohol excess, smoking or immunosuppression.

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9
Q

When would you test for anti-Hbs levels?

A
  1. Healthcare workers doing risk prone procedures.
  2. CKD

Anti-Hbs levels should be checked 1-4 months after primary immunisation.

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10
Q

How do you interpret anti-HBs levels?

A
  • >100 - adequate response - no further testing required.
  • 10-100 - suboptimal response - one additional vaccine dose needed.
  • <10- non responder. Test for current or past infection. Give further vaccine course (3 doses). If still fails to respond then HBIG would be required for protection if exposed to the virus.
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11
Q

What is the management of Hepatitis B?

A
  • Pegylated interferon-alpha used to be the only treatment available. It reduces viral replication in up to 30% of chronic carriers. A better response is predicted by being female, < 50 years old, low HBV DNA levels, non-Asian, HIV negative, high degree of inflammation on liver biopsy
  • Whilst NICE still advocate the use of pegylated interferon firstl-line other antiviral medications are increasingly used with an aim to suppress viral replication (not in a dissimilar way to treating HIV patients)
  • Examples include tenofovir and entecavir
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12
Q

What is HBsAg?

A
  • HBsAg is Surface antigen
  • It is the first marker to appear and causes the production of Anti-HBs
  • HBsAg normally implies acute disease (present for 1-6 months)
    • if HBsAg is present for > 6 months then this implies chronic disease (i.e. Infective)
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13
Q

What does Anti-HBs imply?

A

Anti-HBs implies immunity (either exposure or immunisation). It is negative in chronic disease

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14
Q

What does Anti-HBc imply?

A
  • REMEMBER: Anti-HBc = “caught”
  • Anti-HBc implies previous (or current) infection.
  • IgM anti-HBc = acute infection and is present for about 6 months.
  • IgG anti-HBc = past infection.
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15
Q

What does HbeAg imply?

A

HbeAg results from breakdown of core antigen from infected liver cells as is therefore a marker of infectivity/transmissibility.

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16
Q

What hepatitis virus is an RNA flavivirus?

A

Hepatitis C

17
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis C?

A

6-9 weeks

18
Q

Is breast feeding contraindicated in mothers with hepatitis C?

A

No.

19
Q

How is hepatitis C transmitted?

A

Mostly through injecting illegal drugs.

Less commonly: Unprotected sex, blood transfusions, vertical transmission.

20
Q

Is hepatitis B more an acute or chronic disease?

A

Chronic.

20% will develop acute hepatitis. 80-85% will develop a chronic infection.

21
Q

What are some complications of hepatitis C?

A
  • Cirrhosis (20-30% of those with chronic disease)
  • Hepatocellular cancer
  • Cryoglobulinaemia
  • Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT): it is increasingly recognised that PCT may develop in patients with hepatitis C, especially if there are other factors such as alcohol abuse
22
Q

What is the management of Chronic hepatitis C infection?

A
  • Currently a combination of pegylated interferon-alpha, ribavirin and a protease inhibitor (e.g. boceprevir or telaprevir) is used.
  • Up to 55% of patients successfully clear the virus, with success rates of around 80% for some strains
  • The aim of treatment is sustained virological response (SVR), defined as undetectable serum HCV RNA six months after the end of therapy
23
Q

What are some side effects of ribavirin?

A
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Cough
  • Teratogenic - Women should not become pregnant within 6 months of stopping ribavririn.
24
Q

What are some side effects of pegylated interferon alpha?

A
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Depression
  • Fatigue
  • Leukopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
25
Q

Is breastfeeding contraindicated in hepatitis B & C?

A

No

Hep B cannot be transmitted this way & Hep C has very low chance of verticla transmission this way.

26
Q

What should all babies receive who are born to mothers with acute hepatitis B during pregnancy?

A

Complete vaccination course and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HbIg)

Except if the patient had antibodies against HBe (anti-HBe) - then only the vaccination is required.

27
Q

Does C-Section reduce vertical transmission rates?

A

No

28
Q

HBsAg negative

anti-Hbc negative

anti-Hbs negative

A

Susceptible

29
Q

HBsAg negative

anti-Hbc positive

anti-Hbs positive

A

Immune due to previous infection but no longer has hepatitis B.

30
Q

HBsAg negative

anti-Hbc negative

anti-Hbs positive

A

Immune due to Hepatitis B Vaccination

31
Q

HBsAg positive

anti-Hbc positive

IgM anti-Hbc positive

anti-HBs negative

A

Acutely infected

32
Q

HBsAg positive

anti-Hbc positive

IgM anti-Hbc negative

anti-HBs negative

A

Chronically infected

(In this case IgG anti-HBc would confirm this and be present)

33
Q

HBsAg negative

anti-Hbc positive

anti-HBs negative

A

Interpretation unclear

Most likely

  1. Resolved infection (most likely)
  2. False-positive anti-HBc, thus susceptible.
  3. Low level chronic infection
  4. Resolving acute infection

Gastroenterology (25 decks)

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