Viral Diseases of Ruminants I (12) Flashcards
What is the most costly disease in the beef industry?
bovine respiratory disease complex
What is the most significant (+++) bovine disease?
bovine virus diarrhea (BVD)
What are the poxviruses for bovine?
cowpox (foreign animal disease)
pseudocowpox
bovine papular stomatitis
lumpy skin disease
What are characteristics of poxviruses in bovine?
resistant to environment
lesions proliferative and some tumor like
some long-lasting and some not
diagnosis by clinical appearance confirmed by electron microscopy or virus isolation
transmission by contact and mechanically by arthropods
several viruses zoonotic
What is pseudocowpox?
mild often recurrent disease in dairy cattle
often associated with poor hygiene
secondary bacterial mastitis occurs
causes bovine papular stomatitis and milker’s nodules
What lesion is noted for pseudocowpox?
pathognomonic ring lesion
proliferative nature of lesion
What is the human infection from pseudocowpox?
milker’s nodule
What is bovine papular stomatitis?
common incidental infection in beef cattle
suckling calves or up to 1 year of age
no treatment necessary
How do you diagnose bovine papular stomatitis?
negative contrast electron microscopy
What are examples of diseases in cattle caused by herpes viruses?
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
malignant catarrhal fever
dermopathic bovine herpesvirus infection
pseudorabies
What are other characteristics for bovine herpesvirus?
unstable in environment
wide range of clinical presentations
latent infections
diagnosis confirmed by virus isolation and PCR
transmission by direct contact and droplet/aerosol
some viruses are zoonotic or jump species
Infectious bovine rhinotracehitis
Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis
Infectious Pustular Balanoposthitis
Abortion
Generalized (systemic) disease in newborn calves
? Encephalitis
are all caused by _____
bovine herpes virus 1
each can present as a separate disease
What is characteristic of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
pustular character of lesions
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis has what symptoms?
excessive salivation
pneumonia
What are the general infections with BHV1?
conjunctivitis
corneal keratitis and ulceration
possible association with “cancer eye”
What is characteristic of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious balanoposthitis?
does NOT lead to abortion
lesions on genitalia
How does a calf acquire BHV1?
shortly after birth may lead to a systemic infection and death with microscopic lesions throughout the body in addition to respiratory signs
BHV1 abortion follows from ______
a respiratory infection
not a distinct virus from that causing IBR
The ____ is the best source of virus for diagnosis for BHV1 abortion
liver
______ vaccines for IBR can be used as abortants in feedlots
Live
attenuated vaccines often have increase virulence for the fetus
What is the epidemiology/diagnosis of BHV1?
spreads by aerosol in feedlots
coitus for IPV/IPB
relatively fragile virus
latent
easily reactivated with corticosteroids
easy virus to isolate in cell culture and characterize
How do you control and prevent BHV1?
wide range of vaccines - many be attenuated
gene-deleted vaccines in Europe
use of vaccines dictated by husbandry systems
Malignant catarrhal fever is caused by ____
cell-associated herpes virus
N America with sheep and bison - virus not isolated
What are diagnostic indicators of Malignant catarrhal fever ?
in afrikans “snotsiekte”
bilateral corneal opacity
100% mortality but morbidity in herd in low
identified by PCR
How is MCF acquired?
wildebeest at calving or young sheep when stressed
- example of resource partitioning
Dermopathic bovine herpesvirus infection is an example of _____
BHV2 - pseudo-lumpy skin
Bovine herpes virus 2 is transmitted how?
by flies mechanically
important in differentiation of lumpy skin disease
note umbilicate skin lesion
BHV2 is commonly seen in what season? Where does it break out into?
commonly seen in the fall
explosive outbreak of teat lesions without generalized skin lesions
lesion is ulcerative
springing heifers more severely affected
Pseudocowpox is [ulcerative/proliferative]. BHV-2 mammillitis is [ulcerative/proliferative]
proliferative
ulcerative
How do you diagnose BHV2?
virus isolation in cell culture of electron microscopy
serology of little use
vesicles should alert you to foot-and-mouth disease
What is pseudorabies?
mad itch
clinical presentation similar to rabies
acquired through contact with pigs
no virus excretion at site of self mutilation - hence no transmission
virus can be isolated from brain
Papovarviruses bovine papillomatosis is characterized by what
warts
can be grown in cell culture
several genotypes associated with different clinical appearances
spread by fomites
What are other characteristics of papilloma viruses?
viruses is resistant to environment
lesions proliferative and some “tumor-like”
no serum antibody response
chronic infections and do not induce long-lasting cellular immunity
diagnosis by clinical appearance confirmed by electron microscopy or PCR
virus very difficult to isolate in cell culture
transmission by contact and fomites
What is rotavirus diarrhea?
rotaviruses are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young animals
How is rotavirus transmitted?
transmitted primarily via fecal-oral route
What are properties of the paramyxoviruses?
unstable in environment
respiratory and systemic clinical presentations
diagnosis by clinical presentation confirmed by ELISA, PCR, or virus isolation
transmission by direct contact and droplet
What are clinical signs of bovine respiratory syncytial virus disease (BRSV)?
range from mild infection to severe bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia
BRSV is [common/uncommon] in the Untied States
common
38-76%
What do you do for treatment/prevention of BRSV?
attenuated vaccines available
What virus is considered to be an important virus pathogen in the etiology of “shipping fever” - also known as bovine respiratory disease complex?
parainfluenza 3
______ vaccines against shipping fever routinely include the virus (parainfluenza 3)
Multivalent
What are diseases caused by rhabdoviruses?
rabies
vesicular stomatitis (sore mouth of cattle and horses)
bovine ephemeral fever - does not occur in USA
What are signs of rabies in cattle?
frequent bellowing
often present as if they have a foreign body in throat
signs may be subtle; knuckling over or tail head carried high
T/F: There is a rabies vaccine for cattle
If so, what kind?
TRUE - inactivated
Which disease can be confused as foot and mouth disease?
vesicular stomatitis
What is vesicular stomatitis?
rhabdovirus
affects cattle, horses, and pigs
