Diagnosis 1 (4) Flashcards
What is pathognomonic?
characteristic of that disease only
Diagnostic virology has made most contributions in _____
disease prevention
Routine diagnostic virology provides _____ of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of a virus at local, national, and international level
surveillance
What is a titer?
number of viral particles, during early stages of disease
What is a common sequel of viral diseases?
secondary bacterial infection
Which virus has an acute infection but then a rare late complication?
canine distemper virus
measles
Which virus is a latent-recurrent infection?
herpes virus
What are some laboratory techniques to diagnose a virus infection?
virus isolation - cell culture, cpe, etc
virus visualization - electron microscopy
viral antigen detection
characteristic gene sequence
antibody detection
When you isolate the virus in a cell culture, it is inoculated to cultured cells as a [monolayer/bilayer]. Selection of the ______ is critical to isolate the suspected virus
monolayer
cell type
Isolating the virus in cell culture helps you to be able to recognize characteristic ________
cytopathic effect
What are virus isolation: embryonated eggs used for?
isolation of the influence virus by allantoic and amniotic inoculation
historically used for pox virus isolation
In viral visualization, you use [positive/negative] staining electron microscopy and a copper grid and phosphotungstic acid
negative
In immunohistochemistry, you need the specific _____ to confirm the virus you suspect
antibody
Immunohistochemistry uses [viral antigen/viral nucleic acid]
viral antigen
Immunoflorescence uses [viral antigen/viral nucleic acid]. What is used in this?
viral antigen
fluorescent dye
In situ hybridization uses [viral antigen/viral nucleic acid]. What is used in this?
viral nucleic acid
reporter enzyme
Some viruses naturally bind to the surface of red blood cells and cause them to _______. Then, this technique, which uses viral antigen detection, is used
agglutinate
hemagglutination assay
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA, is used for ______
antibody detection
commonly used in veterinary practice like SNAP tests
ELISA has a _______ anchored to plastic and also a secondary, or _____, antibody
capturing antibody
detecting
The commercial application of ELISA is also known as a _______
lateral flow device
Feline immunodeficiency virus detects an [antibody/antigen], and feline leukemia virus detects an [antibody/antigen]. Heartworm diseases detects for _____
antibody
antigen
antigen
PCR is now directly linked to ________ and has an application in epidemiology
viral genomic sequencing
application in epidemiology (molecular)
What are downsides of PCR for characteristic gene sequence in virus detection?
may miss rare pathogen
use primers containing mismatches (decreases sensitivity of detection)
What are metagenomics?
characteristic gene sequence
applies a suit of genomic technologies and bioinformatics tools to directly access the entire genetic content of a clinical sample
T/F: PCR can only detect known sequences
TRUE
T/F: Quick and accurate diagnosis of viral infections is important for effective disease control
TRUE
One diagnostic tool is antigen detection. What does this allow for?
identification of virus in lesions, fluids, and tissues
The use of cell culture allows for the _______ of the virus from infected animals
propagation
PCRs detect _____
viral genome
Another diagnostic tool is antibody detection through ______ or measurement of ________
ELISA
antibody titers
What are the limitations of diagnostic techniques?
need sophisticated laboratories
cost
selecting the proper specimen
interpretation of findings
