Viral and Chlamydial Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards by Anthony Carli

A patient presents with the following s/s… what do you suspect?

nasal discharge
nasal congestion
sneezing
malaise
cough

The Cold/ARD

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what cell type is most heavily infected by the common cold/ARD?

nasal passage and pharyngeal epithelium

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How would you describe infection of the common cold?

benign, transitory, self-limited

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What are the most common causitive agents of ARD/common cold?

adenoviruses and unknown viruses

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Rhinoviruses make up what percent of ARD?

25%

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What common treatment for the cold was removed from the market in 2009 due to increased cases of anosmia?

intranasal Zicam

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This viral agent that causes ARD is hyperendemic in winter with the greatest incidence in children and young adults…

Rhinoviruses

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It is hypothesized that around 50% of URI are caused by this virus, though nobody can be certain of the exact number…

rhinoviruses

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How can cold weather lead to increased risk of infection?

prevents immune cells in nose from fighting against pathogens

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What is a major vector for the transmission of rhinovirus?

hands, person to person transmission

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rhinoviruses are stable, and can persist in the environment, making transmission via these routes possible…

aerosol and fomite transmission

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Is it likely that rhinoviruses have a human carrier state?

yes,

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describe the immunity to rhinoviruses

transient, about 18 months long

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This drug blicks uncoating and attachment of picornavirus/common cold viruses by binding to a hydrophobic pocket within the viral capsid…

pleconaril

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This disease has the following characteristics…

polio-like weakness/paralysis
ptosis
facial droop/weakness
difficulty swallowing
slurred speech
sudden extremity weakness
infects children

Acute flaccid myelitis

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When were cases of acute flaccid myelitis first noted?

2014

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What is the supposed etiology of acute flaccid myelitis?

viral

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Acute flaccid myelitis seems to have peak incidence in what months?

August-October

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Influenza has 3 distinct species… Type A, B, and C. What defines these types?

the nucleocapsid proteins

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Rank the types of influenza from most severe to least…

A > B > C

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What is the formula for nomenclature of influenza typing?

Type/location of discover/year of isolation/antigen type

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The “H” in flu categorization refers to…

H Hemagglutinin

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H hemagglutinin allows influenza to do what?

attach to host cell

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The “N” in flu categorization refers to…

N neuraminidase

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Neuraminidase allows influenza to do what?

penetrate and release from infected cells

How long is the incubation of flu?

1-2 days

how long is incubation of ARD?

2-4 days

A patient presents with the following s/s... ``` abrupt onset fever myalgia shaking chills cough ```

Influenza

How long does influenza infection persist

1 week

What is a major worry with individuals infected with influenza, particularly those at the extremes of age?

complications

What three complications can occur with influenza infection?

Bacterial/viral pneumonia reyes syndrome Guillain-Barre syndrome

What agents cause secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza infection?

S. pneumoniae S. aureus H. flu

Reyes syndrome is associated with many viral infections, and is correlated with use of what pharmacologic agent?

aspirin/salicylic acid

Guillain-Barre is a disease that causes...

demyelination

Guillain-Barre was associated with what series of vaccine?

1976 swine flu vaccine

What is a major consideration of rapid antigen tests for influenza?

false negatives, especially in early infection

What three diagnostic tools can be used to Dx influenza?

clinical findings in epidemic situations viral isolation from throat/nose swabs rapid antigen testing

These two drugs stop type A uncoating/penetration only.

Amantadine and Rimantadine

these three neuraminidase inhibitors antagonize type A and type B, shortening course and severity of influenza...

oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir

what is a developing concern for the effectiveness of oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir?

drug resistance

this drug inhibits viral cap-dependent endonuclease...

xofluza

When should influenza vaccine occur?

in fall before typical flu season

What two forms of vaccine are approved for influenza vaccine?

inactivated live attenuated

This influenza vaccine is formed with 2 type A and 2 type B viruses...

quadrivalent

Quadrivalent vaccine or TIV is now known as...

IIV, inactivated influenza vaccine

What vaccine type should elderly patients receive?

high potency and adjuvant

What is a new route of administration for flu vaccine that confers a strong immune response?

intradermal

Who should receive 2 administrations of influenza vaccine annually?

children age 9yo and under

Can the inactive form of the influenza vaccine cause influenza infection?

What is a major concern for growing flu vaccine antigens/virus in eggs?

virus adaptation to eggs may not match human form

There are six major populations that should definitely receive the flu vaccine... what are these populations?

65 and older long term care residents pulmonary/cardiovascular dixorders children with asthma immunosuppression/chronic disease peds on long term aspirin therapy

What are the two types of antigenic variation that cause influenza to be difficult to control?

antigenic drift antigenic shift

this antigenic variation occurs when influenza develops point mutations of H or N proteins...

antigenic drift

this antigenic variation occurs when recombination shuffles the genome segments encoding H or N gene leading to mixed type A flue types...

antigenic shift

80% of influenza infection occurs in what age group?

> 65 yo

What caused the H1N1 swine flue epidemic of 2009?

antigenic shift

Chlamydia is similar to _____, but replicates via _____

similar to virus replicates via binary fission

Chlamydiae are similar to viruses in what two major ways?

obligate intracellular parasite biochemically restricted

how do chlamydiae get ATP?

extracted from host

Chlamydiae can assume two forms... This form is an infectious, non-growing form responsible for dispersal...

Elementary body

Chlamydiae can assume two forms... This form is the growing/vegetative form of the pathogen

reticulate body

This type of chlamydia infection is a common cause of infant pneumonia with an onset about 3 weeks after birth...

C. trachomatis

What determines the serological variant of c. trachomatis?

major outer membrane proteins

Servars B, Ba, D-K are responsible for what?

infant pneumonia

What condition may follow infection with c. trachomatis?

Reiter's syndrome

This chlamydia species is slow growing, has a single serovar. It is a common cause of bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis...

C. pneumoniae

This chlamydia type is associated with atherosclerosis...

C. pneumoniae