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Microbiology > Viral and Chlamydial Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Viral and Chlamydial Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

A patient presents with the following s/s… what do you suspect?

nasal discharge
nasal congestion
sneezing
malaise
cough
A

The Cold/ARD

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2
Q

what cell type is most heavily infected by the common cold/ARD?

A

nasal passage and pharyngeal epithelium

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3
Q

How would you describe infection of the common cold?

A

benign, transitory, self-limited

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4
Q

What are the most common causitive agents of ARD/common cold?

A

adenoviruses and unknown viruses

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5
Q

Rhinoviruses make up what percent of ARD?

A

25%

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6
Q

What common treatment for the cold was removed from the market in 2009 due to increased cases of anosmia?

A

intranasal Zicam

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7
Q

This viral agent that causes ARD is hyperendemic in winter with the greatest incidence in children and young adults…

A

Rhinoviruses

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8
Q

It is hypothesized that around 50% of URI are caused by this virus, though nobody can be certain of the exact number…

A

rhinoviruses

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9
Q

How can cold weather lead to increased risk of infection?

A

prevents immune cells in nose from fighting against pathogens

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10
Q

What is a major vector for the transmission of rhinovirus?

A

hands, person to person transmission

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11
Q

rhinoviruses are stable, and can persist in the environment, making transmission via these routes possible…

A

aerosol and fomite transmission

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12
Q

Is it likely that rhinoviruses have a human carrier state?

A

yes,

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13
Q

describe the immunity to rhinoviruses

A

transient, about 18 months long

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14
Q

This drug blicks uncoating and attachment of picornavirus/common cold viruses by binding to a hydrophobic pocket within the viral capsid…

A

pleconaril

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15
Q

This disease has the following characteristics…

polio-like weakness/paralysis
ptosis
facial droop/weakness
difficulty swallowing
slurred speech
sudden extremity weakness
infects children
A

Acute flaccid myelitis

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16
Q

When were cases of acute flaccid myelitis first noted?

A

2014

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17
Q

What is the supposed etiology of acute flaccid myelitis?

A

viral

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18
Q

Acute flaccid myelitis seems to have peak incidence in what months?

A

August-October

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19
Q

Influenza has 3 distinct species… Type A, B, and C. What defines these types?

A

the nucleocapsid proteins

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20
Q

Rank the types of influenza from most severe to least…

A

A > B > C

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21
Q

What is the formula for nomenclature of influenza typing?

A

Type/location of discover/year of isolation/antigen type

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22
Q

The “H” in flu categorization refers to…

A

H Hemagglutinin

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23
Q

H hemagglutinin allows influenza to do what?

A

attach to host cell

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24
Q

The “N” in flu categorization refers to…

A

N neuraminidase

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25
Q

Neuraminidase allows influenza to do what?

A

penetrate and release from infected cells

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26
Q

How long is the incubation of flu?

A

1-2 days

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27
Q

how long is incubation of ARD?

A

2-4 days

28
Q

A patient presents with the following s/s…

abrupt onset
fever
myalgia
shaking chills
cough
A

Influenza

29
Q

How long does influenza infection persist

A

1 week

30
Q

What is a major worry with individuals infected with influenza, particularly those at the extremes of age?

A

complications

31
Q

What three complications can occur with influenza infection?

A

Bacterial/viral pneumonia

reyes syndrome

Guillain-Barre syndrome

32
Q

What agents cause secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza infection?

A

S. pneumoniae

S. aureus

H. flu

33
Q

Reyes syndrome is associated with many viral infections, and is correlated with use of what pharmacologic agent?

A

aspirin/salicylic acid

34
Q

Guillain-Barre is a disease that causes…

A

demyelination

35
Q

Guillain-Barre was associated with what series of vaccine?

A

1976 swine flu vaccine

36
Q

What is a major consideration of rapid antigen tests for influenza?

A

false negatives, especially in early infection

37
Q

What three diagnostic tools can be used to Dx influenza?

A

clinical findings in epidemic situations

viral isolation from throat/nose swabs

rapid antigen testing

38
Q

These two drugs stop type A uncoating/penetration only.

A

Amantadine and Rimantadine

39
Q

these three neuraminidase inhibitors antagonize type A and type B, shortening course and severity of influenza…

A

oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir

40
Q

what is a developing concern for the effectiveness of oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir?

A

drug resistance

41
Q

this drug inhibits viral cap-dependent endonuclease…

A

xofluza

42
Q

When should influenza vaccine occur?

A

in fall before typical flu season

43
Q

What two forms of vaccine are approved for influenza vaccine?

A

inactivated

live attenuated

44
Q

This influenza vaccine is formed with 2 type A and 2 type B viruses…

A

quadrivalent

45
Q

Quadrivalent vaccine or TIV is now known as…

A

IIV, inactivated influenza vaccine

46
Q

What vaccine type should elderly patients receive?

A

high potency and adjuvant

47
Q

What is a new route of administration for flu vaccine that confers a strong immune response?

A

intradermal

48
Q

Who should receive 2 administrations of influenza vaccine annually?

A

children age 9yo and under

49
Q

Can the inactive form of the influenza vaccine cause influenza infection?

A

no

50
Q

What is a major concern for growing flu vaccine antigens/virus in eggs?

A

virus adaptation to eggs may not match human form

51
Q

There are six major populations that should definitely receive the flu vaccine… what are these populations?

A

65 and older

long term care residents

pulmonary/cardiovascular dixorders

children with asthma

immunosuppression/chronic disease

peds on long term aspirin therapy

52
Q

What are the two types of antigenic variation that cause influenza to be difficult to control?

A

antigenic drift

antigenic shift

53
Q

this antigenic variation occurs when influenza develops point mutations of H or N proteins…

A

antigenic drift

54
Q

this antigenic variation occurs when recombination shuffles the genome segments encoding H or N gene leading to mixed type A flue types…

A

antigenic shift

55
Q

80% of influenza infection occurs in what age group?

A

> 65 yo

56
Q

What caused the H1N1 swine flue epidemic of 2009?

A

antigenic shift

57
Q

Chlamydia is similar to _____, but replicates via _____

A

similar to virus

replicates via binary fission

58
Q

Chlamydiae are similar to viruses in what two major ways?

A

obligate intracellular parasite

biochemically restricted

59
Q

how do chlamydiae get ATP?

A

extracted from host

60
Q

Chlamydiae can assume two forms… This form is an infectious, non-growing form responsible for dispersal…

A

Elementary body

61
Q

Chlamydiae can assume two forms… This form is the growing/vegetative form of the pathogen

A

reticulate body

62
Q

This type of chlamydia infection is a common cause of infant pneumonia with an onset about 3 weeks after birth…

A

C. trachomatis

63
Q

What determines the serological variant of c. trachomatis?

A

major outer membrane proteins

64
Q

Servars B, Ba, D-K are responsible for what?

A

infant pneumonia

65
Q

What condition may follow infection with c. trachomatis?

A

Reiter’s syndrome

66
Q

This chlamydia species is slow growing, has a single serovar. It is a common cause of bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis…

A

C. pneumoniae

67
Q

This chlamydia type is associated with atherosclerosis…

A

C. pneumoniae

Microbiology (13 decks)

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