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Microbiology > Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Pathogenicity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This process involves transient or permanently established microbial growth that doesn’t interfere with normal body functions.

A

colonization

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2
Q

A transient or permanently established microbial growth that may manifest a disease

A

infection

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3
Q

microbial interaction leading to pathogenesis including abnormal conditions of body structures and functions resulting in damage to the host.

A

disease

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4
Q

Disease can occur indirectly without presence of microbe. What precipitates this?

A

toxin production

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5
Q

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

no s/s

no activation of innate immune system

non-contagious

A

Incubation

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6
Q

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

non-specific appearance of s/s

activation of innate immune system

pathogen growth

contagious

A

prodrome

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7
Q

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

characteristic s/s

acquired immune system activation

stabilized pathogen numbers

may be transmitted

A

acute stage

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8
Q

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

illness is apparent, but sxs dwindle

imune system reduction

pathogen claring

can be contagious if individual becomes carrier

A

decline

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9
Q

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

returning to full health

no s/s

no immune system

pathogen cleared

not contagious

A

convalescent stage

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10
Q

What type of pathogen has the following characteristics?

part of normal flora

do not normally cause disease

A

opportunistic pathogens

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11
Q

What causes an opportunistic pathogen to establish disease?

A

introduction to unprotected site via injury or immune compromise

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12
Q

What type of pathogen has the following characteristics?

strict pathogens

always associated with disease

A

virulent pathogens

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13
Q

what causes the signs and symptoms of virulent pathogens?

A

host inflammatory response

direct damage to host tissue

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14
Q

This virulence factor uses acids, gases or other byproducts to directly damage host tissue…

A

tissue damaging metabolites

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15
Q

what is an example of tissue damaging metabolite?

A

strep. mutans producing lactic acid to cause dental caries

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16
Q

proteins or enzymes that act locally to damage host cells, usually tissue matrices and intracellular spaces causing “softening”

A

spreading factors

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17
Q

Hyaluronidase

Collagenase

neuraminidase

streptokinase

these are all examples of…

A

spreading factors

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18
Q

These virulence factors bind pathogens to receptors on host cells, mostly binding to glycoproteins.

A

adhesins

19
Q

Glycocalyx forming biofilms

fibriae and pili

afimbrial _______

These are all examples of…

A

adhesins

20
Q

Heat labile substances that are highly active and specific…

A

toxins

21
Q

What type of toxin is this?

found in G_/G+

directly toxic to cells

secreted into ECM or associated with bacterial surface

bind host receptors…

A

exotoxin

22
Q

Exotoxins causing GI sxs are called…

A

enterotoxins

23
Q

describe how A-B exotoxins work.

A

B toxin binds to host receptor

A is endocytosed to target cell

24
Q

diptheria toxin is an example of an AB toxin that does what?

A

stops host protein synthesis

25
Q

botulism toxin is an AB toxin that does what?

A

prevents ACh release at the synapse causing flaccid paralysis

26
Q

Tetanus toxin is an AB toxin that does what?

A

prevents inhibitory neurotransmitter release causing spastic paralysis

27
Q

These toxins activate up to 40% of T-cells resulting in a massive release of cytokines and overworking of the immune system…

A

superantigens

28
Q

Lipases, proteases, hemolysins are examples of…

A

membrane active exotoxins

29
Q

What is an example of an endotoxin?

A

LPS

30
Q

LPS is found in what organisms?

A

G-

31
Q

LPS is non-toxic until what occurs?

A

release

32
Q

What are the four major ways pathogens can escape the immune response?

A

spread from primary site

encapsulation

antibody inactivation

intracellular growth

33
Q

How does encapsulation protect the pathogen?

A

blocks phagocytosis

34
Q

what pathogen is commonly known for encapsulation?

A

S. pneumoniae

35
Q

what two pathogens commonly inactivate antibodies?

A

S. pneumoniae secretes IgA protease

S. aureus binds Fc of IgG

36
Q

Which pathogen is a facultative intracellular bacterium?

A

M. tuberculosis

37
Q

What is involved in evasion by antigenic variation?

A

change of epitopes

presentation of new antigens

initiation of new cycle of disease

38
Q

This process is the accumulation of genetic mutations that alters protein products. This leads to varibility in the population of the pathogen, and forms antigenically distinct strains…

A

antigenic drift

39
Q

What two pathogens are good examples of antigenic drift and what is the mechanism

A

E. Coli has over 157 O antigen types

Influenza A makes minor mutations in envelope and protein spikes

40
Q

This process results from genetic conversion/shuffling due to recombination within a group of genes. this results in new surface antigens, but no change in biological function…

A

antigenic switching

41
Q

What structures are typically involved in antigenic shifting?

A

pili, fimbriae, surface glycoproteins

42
Q

What pathogen exhibits a good example of antigenic switching?

A

N. gonnorhoeae changing the structure of pili

43
Q

toxoids are _______.

A

inactive exotoxins

44
Q

what type of exotoxin can form toxoids?

A

AB toxins

Microbiology (13 decks)

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