Pathogenicity

Question 1

This process involves transient or permanently established microbial growth that doesn’t interfere with normal body functions.

Answer 1

colonization

Question 2

A transient or permanently established microbial growth that may manifest a disease

Answer 2

infection

Question 3

microbial interaction leading to pathogenesis including abnormal conditions of body structures and functions resulting in damage to the host.

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

Disease can occur indirectly without presence of microbe. What precipitates this?

Answer 4

toxin production

Question 5

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

no s/s

no activation of innate immune system

non-contagious

Answer 5

Incubation

Question 6

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

non-specific appearance of s/s

activation of innate immune system

pathogen growth

contagious

Answer 6

prodrome

Question 7

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

characteristic s/s

acquired immune system activation

stabilized pathogen numbers

may be transmitted

Answer 7

acute stage

Question 8

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

illness is apparent, but sxs dwindle

imune system reduction

pathogen claring

can be contagious if individual becomes carrier

Answer 8

decline

Question 9

Which stage of disease has the following characteristics?

returning to full health

no s/s

no immune system

pathogen cleared

not contagious

Answer 9

convalescent stage

Question 10

What type of pathogen has the following characteristics?

part of normal flora

do not normally cause disease

Answer 10

opportunistic pathogens

Question 11

What causes an opportunistic pathogen to establish disease?

Answer 11

introduction to unprotected site via injury or immune compromise

Question 12

What type of pathogen has the following characteristics?

strict pathogens

always associated with disease

Answer 12

virulent pathogens

Question 13

what causes the signs and symptoms of virulent pathogens?

Answer 13

host inflammatory response

direct damage to host tissue

Question 14

This virulence factor uses acids, gases or other byproducts to directly damage host tissue…

Answer 14

tissue damaging metabolites

Question 15

what is an example of tissue damaging metabolite?

Answer 15

strep. mutans producing lactic acid to cause dental caries

Question 16

proteins or enzymes that act locally to damage host cells, usually tissue matrices and intracellular spaces causing “softening”

Answer 16

spreading factors

Question 17

Hyaluronidase

Collagenase

neuraminidase

streptokinase

these are all examples of…

Answer 17

spreading factors

Question 18

These virulence factors bind pathogens to receptors on host cells, mostly binding to glycoproteins.

Answer 18

adhesins

Question 19

Glycocalyx forming biofilms

fibriae and pili

afimbrial _______

These are all examples of…

Answer 19

adhesins

Question 20

Heat labile substances that are highly active and specific…

Answer 20

toxins

Question 21

What type of toxin is this?

found in G_/G+

directly toxic to cells

secreted into ECM or associated with bacterial surface

bind host receptors…

Answer 21

exotoxin

Question 22

Exotoxins causing GI sxs are called…

Answer 22

enterotoxins

Question 23

describe how A-B exotoxins work.

Answer 23

B toxin binds to host receptor

A is endocytosed to target cell

Question 24

diptheria toxin is an example of an AB toxin that does what?

Answer 24

stops host protein synthesis

Question 25

botulism toxin is an AB toxin that does what?

Answer 25

prevents ACh release at the synapse causing flaccid paralysis

Question 26

Tetanus toxin is an AB toxin that does what?

Answer 26

prevents inhibitory neurotransmitter release causing spastic paralysis

Question 27

These toxins activate up to 40% of T-cells resulting in a massive release of cytokines and overworking of the immune system...

Answer 27

superantigens

Question 28

Lipases, proteases, hemolysins are examples of...

Answer 28

membrane active exotoxins

Question 29

What is an example of an endotoxin?

Answer 29

LPS

Question 30

LPS is found in what organisms?

Answer 30

G-

Question 31

LPS is non-toxic until what occurs?

Answer 31

release

Question 32

What are the four major ways pathogens can escape the immune response?

Answer 32

spread from primary site encapsulation antibody inactivation intracellular growth

Question 33

How does encapsulation protect the pathogen?

Answer 33

blocks phagocytosis

Question 34

what pathogen is commonly known for encapsulation?

Answer 34

S. pneumoniae

Question 35

what two pathogens commonly inactivate antibodies?

Answer 35

S. pneumoniae secretes IgA protease S. aureus binds Fc of IgG

Question 36

Which pathogen is a facultative intracellular bacterium?

Answer 36

M. tuberculosis

Question 37

What is involved in evasion by antigenic variation?

Answer 37

change of epitopes presentation of new antigens initiation of new cycle of disease

Question 38

This process is the accumulation of genetic mutations that alters protein products. This leads to varibility in the population of the pathogen, and forms antigenically distinct strains...

Answer 38

antigenic drift

Question 39

What two pathogens are good examples of antigenic drift and what is the mechanism

Answer 39

E. Coli has over 157 O antigen types Influenza A makes minor mutations in envelope and protein spikes

Question 40

This process results from genetic conversion/shuffling due to recombination within a group of genes. this results in new surface antigens, but no change in biological function...

Answer 40

antigenic switching

Question 41

What structures are typically involved in antigenic shifting?

Answer 41

pili, fimbriae, surface glycoproteins

Question 42

What pathogen exhibits a good example of antigenic switching?

Answer 42

N. gonnorhoeae changing the structure of pili

Question 43

toxoids are _______.

Answer 43

inactive exotoxins

Question 44

what type of exotoxin can form toxoids?

Answer 44

AB toxins