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Microbiology > GI Helminths > Flashcards

GI Helminths Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Major worldwide cause of diarrhea

Flagellate protozoan
•
Most commonly identified intestinal
parasite in the world

A

Giardiasis

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2
Q

This protozoa…

Represents a zoonosis with cross infectivity between animals and humans
•
found in beavers, dogs, cats, and primates

A

G. lamblia

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3
Q

Are intermediate hosts required for G. lamblia life cycle?

A

no

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4
Q

Which stage of G. lamblia?

Exists freely in the small intestine
•
Teardrop shape with a bi lobed ventral adhesive disc, flagella and 2 nuclei
•

A

Trophozoite

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5
Q

Which stage of G. lamblia?

Does not invade tissue or destroy RBCs
•
Feeds on mucus secretions

A

Trophozoite

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6
Q

Which stage of G. lamblia?

Oval in shape
•
Hyaline wall
•
4 nuclei when mature
•
1 cyst produces 2 trophozoites
A

Cyst

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7
Q

What form of G. lamblia is passed into the environment?

A

cyst

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8
Q

What are the three stages of the giardia life cycle?

A

cyst ingestion

excystation in somach

divide (small intestine and become cysts (large intestine)

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9
Q

The following populations are at risk for…

•
Day care children, workers
and close contacts
•
Backpackers and campers
•
Travelers to disease endemic areas
•
Persons who drink from
shallow wells or surface water
•
Persons engaging in oral
sexual practices
A

giardia

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10
Q

Can giardia be an STI?

A

yes

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11
Q

Is there blood in giardia diarrhea?

A

no

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12
Q

What are two other manifestations of giardia?

A

b12 deficiency, malabsorption

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13
Q

How is giardia diagnosed?

A

cyst/trophozoite in multiple stool, ELISA (GSA-65)

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14
Q

GSA-65 is an ELISA based diagnostic mostly used where?

A

vet clinics

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15
Q

Infx with this pathogen can cause…

Protozoan illness that can result in colitis
and liver abscess
•
Most cases are asymptomatic
•
Dysentery and invasive extraintestinal
disease can occur
•
Abscesses can result throughout the body
A

e. histolytica

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16
Q

Which form of E. histolytica?

Amoeboid with 1 nucleus
•
Non flagellated
•
Feeds
•
Pseudopod forming
•
Invasive and pathogenic
A

trophozoite

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17
Q

Which form of E. histolytica?

•
Round to oval in shape
•
4 nuclei
•
Infectious stage
A

cyst

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18
Q

After ingestion, where does e. histolytica form from cysts to trophozoites?

A

colon

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19
Q

E. histolytica can become disseminated how?

A

invade mucosa and get to bloodstream

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20
Q

Which cause of diarrhea has the following characteristics?

more prevalent in tropical
and subtropical areas

more deaths than any parasite
other than malaria and schistosomiasis

A

e. histolytica

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21
Q

The below populations are at risk for…

•
Children
•
Pregnant women
•
Persons on long term corticosteroids
•
Malnourished
•
Generally immunocompromised
•
Institutionalized persons
•
Persons engaging in oral anal sexual
practices
A

e. histolytica

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22
Q

The following S/S can be concerning for…

RUQ pain
•
Bloody stools
•
Ulcers
•
Fever
•
Vomiting
•
Unintentional weight loss
A

Acute amoebic

colitis)

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23
Q

Amoeba hydrolyzes the

intestinal lining…how can this cause death?

A

peritonitis, cardiac failure

and exhaustion

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24
Q

The below are 4 virulence factors on…

lectin (adhesion)

phospholipase

amoebapore (lysis)

cysteine protease (mucus/ECM/Ab destruction)

A

e. histolytica

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25
Q

ELISA differentiates e. histolytica from…

A

e. dispar

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26
Q

Can PCR be used to ID e. histolytica?

A

yes

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27
Q

How is amoebiasis usually dx?

A

Trophozoites or cysts in stool

sample

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28
Q

what imaging can be useful for extra intestinal amoebiasis?

A

CT/MRI

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29
Q

Are e. histolytica cysts susceptible to clorination?

A

no

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30
Q

This cause of diarrhea has the following characteristics…

Mainly affects children
•
Self limiting diarrheal illness in healthy individuals

A

cryptosporidiosis

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31
Q

What two spp of cryptosporidiosis can infect humans?

A

c. hominis (human only)

c. parvum (bovine, human)

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32
Q

What are the two morphological forms of crytosporidium?

A

oocysts

sporozoites

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33
Q

cryptosporidium oocysts contain how many sporozoites?

A

4

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34
Q

Which form of cryptosporidium?

Motile
•
Bind receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells

A

sporozoites

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35
Q

Which form of cryptosporidium?

infectious stage

A

oocysts

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36
Q

Does cryptosporidium multiply outside of the host?

A

no

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37
Q

After cryptosporidium oocysts are ingested and released as 4 sporozoites, they bind where?

A

small intestinal epithelium

38
Q

How does cryptosporidium enter the epithelium?

A

parasitophorous vacuole

39
Q

Thin walled cryptosporidium oocysts can lead to _______ and area. result of _______ reproduction

A

reinfection, asexual repro

40
Q

Thick walled cryptosporidium oocysts lead to _______ and are a result of ________ reproduction

A

environmental shed

sexual repro

41
Q

Is crypto resistant to chlorine?

A

yes

42
Q

What diarrheal cause has the following characteristics?

•
Highly infectious
•
Can cause infection with 10 oocysts
•
Oocysts are infectious immediately after excretion
•
5 10 day incubation period
•
Infections are difficult to treat
A

crypto

43
Q

The below sxs are indicative of…

watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, fever, abdominal pain

A

crypto

44
Q

What part of the crypto life cycle can be isolated in stool samle?

A

oocysts

45
Q

Acid fast oocysts appear ______

A

round

46
Q

is ELISA useful for crypto?

A

yes

47
Q

Describe the size of cyclosporiasis compared to crypto

A

larger

48
Q

This disease has the following characteristics:

associated with
ingestion of oocyst from contaminated water
and imported foods (fresh fruits and
vegetables)

patients in latin america

A

cyclosporiasis

49
Q

where does cyclospora oocytes turn into spores?

A

environment over days

50
Q

are cyclospora oocysts resistant to chlorine?

A

yes

51
Q

The following are indicative of…

•
Low grade fever
•
Chills
•
Explosive, non bloody, watery diarrhea
•
Rapid weight loss
•
Profound fatigue
A

cyclospora

52
Q

this is an acid fast positive, autofluorescent oocyte…

A

cyclospora

53
Q

can PCR be used for cyclospora?

A

yes

54
Q

what can be identified in stool samples with cyclospora?

A

large oocyst

55
Q

This is…

Polymorphic protozoan
•
Large central vacuole
•
Multiple nuclei distributed around rim of
cytoplasm
A

blastocystis hominis

56
Q 
What pathogen?
•
Trophozoite and cyst forms
•
Contain MACROnucleus
•
Cilia evident on trophozoite
A

balantidium coli

57
Q

balantidium coli can result in…

A

gut perforation

58
Q

how long can adult ascaris live?

A

2 years

59
Q

The below represents the lifecyle of…

eggs are ingested, 
larvae are released to
duodenum
•
Larvae penetrate the mucosa
and travel via the bloodstream
to the lungs
•
Larvae penetrate the alveoli
and travel up the trachea to the
oropharynx
•
Larvae are swallowed and
mature in duodenum
A

ascaris

60
Q

The below are clinical manifestations of…

Pulmonary Loeffler’s syndrome
•
Intestinal abdominal pains
•
Complications include intestinal or duct
obstruction
A

ascaris

61
Q

the clinical manifestations of ascaris are related to…

A

worm burden

62
Q

How is ascaris diagnosed?

A

microscopy, eggs in stool

63
Q

What pathogen?

Small worms (40mm in
length) with a whiplike
morphology
•
Have “egg capsules”
•
Caused by ingestion of contaminated soil
A

trichuris trichiura

64
Q

What is the infective stage of trichuris trichiura

A

embryonated eggs

65
Q

trichuris trichiura larvae are released in the _____ and mature in the _____

A

release: duodenum
mature: colon

66
Q 
Heavy infections of \_\_\_\_ can result in:
•
Frequent painful passage of
stool (with mucus,
water and blood)
•
Rectal prolapse can occur
•
Children may suffer growth
retardation and anemia
A

trichuris trichiura

67
Q

how is trichuris trichiura diagnosed?

A

eggs in stool sample

68
Q

Necator americanus and

Ancylostoma duodenale are ______ worms that feed on…

A

hookworms

blood from intestinal mucosa

69
Q

Hookworm eggs hatch in soil, and larvae can then penetrate…

A

skin

70
Q

What is the infective stage of hookworm?

A

larvae/filariform

71
Q

hookworm life cycle is similar to…

A

ascaris (lungs to OP to duodenum)

72
Q

What should you be concerned for with the following:

Blood filled, pruritic lesions can
occur at the site of larval
penetration (“ground itch”)

A

hookworms

73
Q

How is hookworm diagnosed?

A

eggs in stool sample

74
Q

Which worm type?

2 Multiplication cycles
•
In host (parasitic) or in soil (free

A

stronlyoides/threadworms

75
Q

stronlyoides/threadworms are commonly found in what areas?

A

tropical/subtropical

76
Q

Which worms?

Infective larvae in soil
can penetrate the skin

Free living
multiplication cycle in
soil

A

stronlyoides/threadworms

77
Q

What substance of a stronlyoides of hyperinfected patient may
contain larvae?

A

sputum

78
Q

which parasite?

Flattened, leaflike body
•
Presence of suckers
•
Hermaphroditic
A

trematodes/flukes

79
Q

which is the pork tapeworm

A

taenia solium

80
Q

which is the beef tapeworm?

A

taenia saginata

81
Q

What unique headstructure is present on a tapeworm?

A

scolex

82
Q

eggs released from tapeworm proglottids (segments) are infectious when?

A

immediately

83
Q

what is the definitive host of tapeworm?

A

humans

84
Q

which stage of tapeworm develops in muscle after larval penetration of duodenum?

A

cysticerci (larvae)

85
Q

In T. solium infections,
_______ can develop if
infective eggs are ingested by a human.

A

cysticercosis

86
Q

This is the fish tapeworm… it is common in the great lakes and alaska…

A

diphyllobothrium latum

87
Q

diphyllobothrium latum eggs are released _____ not in proglottids

A

singly

88
Q

diphyllobothrium latum infective larvae are found where?

A

muscles

89
Q

the adult diphyllobothrium latum worm develops where?

A

jejunum

90
Q

after eggs are released in feces, larvae are ingested and develop within…

A

crustaceans and then small fish

91
Q

the adult Adult diphyllobothrium latum worm competes with

human for…

A

b12 (leads to anemia)

Microbiology (13 decks)

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