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STEP1 2015 > VIRAL > Flashcards

VIRAL Flashcards

1
Q

non-enveloped RNA

my Real Heavy Picture of California was Ruined without an envelope

A

reovirus
hepevirus
picornavirus
calicivirus

RNA

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2
Q

non-enveloped DNA

PaPa and Aunt Poly Didn’t have an envelope

A

parvovirus
papillomavirus
adenovirus
polyomavirus

DNA

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3
Q

in general, where do DNA viruses replicate?

A

nucleus

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4
Q

in general, where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm

A

smallpox

molluscum contagiosum

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6
Q

RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus

A

influenza virua

retroviruses

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7
Q

recombination

A

exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes of similar viruses, in regions of significant base sequence homology

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8
Q

reassortment

A

viruses with segmented genomes exchange genetic material. This can lead to pandemics

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9
Q

complementation

A

1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus complements the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses. (Hep B and D)

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10
Q

phenotype mixing

A

simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. genome of A can be partially or completely coated with surface proteins of virus B. This changes its tropism. Future progeny, however have surface components encoded by their unchanged type A genetic material.

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11
Q

virus ploidy

A

number of copies of RNA or DNA present in virion.

All RNA and DNA viruses are haploid, except retroviruses (which are double stranded)

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12
Q

DNA viruses

HAPPy HiPPo Dung

A 
herpesvirus
adenovirus
parvovirus
papillomavirus
hepadnavirus
polyomavirus
poxvirus
DNA
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13
Q

DNA viruses

A

usually have linear dsDNA
replicate in the nucleus
icosahedral shape

exceptions: 
small parvovirus (ssDNA) 
papillomavirus (circular)
polyomavirus (circular)
hepadnavirus (circular)
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14
Q

RNA viruses

A

positive- sense ssRNA
serves as mRNA for immediate translation to protein
can also be transcribed to -ssRNA, which serves as a template for more +ssRNA

neg-sense RNA must be transcribed to pos-sense before they can be used as template for translation

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15
Q

positive- sense RNA viruses

A 
retrovirus
togavirus
flavivirus
coronavirus
hepevirus
calicivirus
picornavirus
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16
Q

live attenuated vaccines, which induce immunity via subacute infection

A 
smallpox
yellow fever
chickenpox
MMR
sabine polio (oral)
herpes zoster (shingles)
intranasal influenza
rotavirus
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17
Q

killed virus vaccines

A

formed from whole, killed viruses
may require booster to maintain protective immune response over an extended period of time

injectable influenza
rabies
hep A
salk polio (injectable)

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18
Q

subunit vaccines

A

use specific viral antigens to simulate immune response

hep B
HPV

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19
Q

yellow fever/influenza/MMR and egg allergy

A

YF: skin testing and desensitization
Influenza: if no history of anaphylaxis
MMR: egg all is not a contraindication

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20
Q

HIV patients and vaccines

A

all infants with HIV should receive rotavirus vaccine

CD4>200
MMR
Varicella

Not recommended
live virus influenza
Herpes zoster

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21
Q

heterophile negative mononucleusis

A 
CMV infection
acute HIV
acute toxoplasmosis
viral hepatitis
strep throat
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22
Q

EBV- associated malignancies

A 
Hodgkin lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Diffuse large cell lymphoma
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Lymphoproliferative disorders
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23
Q

CMV and bone marrow transplant patients

A

life-threatening PNA

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24
Q

CMV and HIV

A

retinitis (blindness within days)
GI ulcerations
candida esophagitis

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25
Q

acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir

A

herpes treatment
guanosine analog
first phosphorylated by thymidine kinase
inhibits DNA polymerase after it is incorporated into the viral DNA chain

valacyclovir is the valyl ester of acyclovir and is quickly hydrolized to acyclovir

activity against HSV1 and HSV2
VZV, EBV

Famciclovir is a prodrug of penciclovir and relies on viral thymidine kinase (acyclic guanosine nucleoside analog)

HSV1, HSV2, VZV

Famciclovir and valacyclovir are preferred over acyclovir for herpes zoster

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26
Q

Ganciclovir

A

activated by CMV viral kinase
inhibits viral DNA polymerase

Adverse effects:leukopenia, neutropenia, renal toxicity
look for falling blood cell counts and rising creatining
more toxic to host enzymes than acyclovir

use for CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients

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27
Q

Foscarnet

A

Inhibits DNA polymerase

Does not require activation by viral kinase

adverse effects:
renal toxicity, anemia

uses:
resistant HSV
CMV retinitis not responsive to first-line treatment

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28
Q

HSV1, HSV2, VZV treatments

A

acyclovir
valacyclovir
famciclovir

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29
Q

CMV treatment

A

ganciclovir

foscarnet

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30
Q

what group of patients is prone to esophagitis cause by CMV?

A

AIDS patients with CD4

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31
Q

Where do HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, and EBV remain latent?

A 
HSV1- trigeminal ganglia
HSV2- sacral ganglia
VZV- doral root or trigeminal ganglia
CMV- mononuclear cells
EBV- B cells
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32
Q

What are Downey cells?

A

T-cells that respond to EBV infection

33
Q

Parvovirus

A

ssDNA
parvovirus B19 infects humans

classically presents with transient aplastic crisis in sickle cell patients

Also causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children “slapped cheek rash”
(in the area of CN5)

adults- inflammatory arthritis
in utero: hydrops fetalis and miscarriage
(other in the ToRCH list)

34
Q

HPV

A

ds, circular
types 1 and 2
common warts

types 6 and 11
genital warts (90%)

types 16 and 18
invasive cervical cancer
vulvar, anal, penile, head and neck cancers

35
Q

Adenovirus

A 
dsDNA
URI followed by conjunctivitis
febrile pharyngitis
acute hemorrhagiv cystitis
PNA
36
Q

Poxvirus

A

ds linear
Smallpox
Cowpox
Molluscum contagiosum

37
Q

Smallpox (variola)

A

ds linear poxvirus

cause by enveloped variola poxvirus virus

eradicated 1979
bioterrorism possibility

38
Q

Cowpox (vaccinia)

A

ds linear poxvirus

caused by vaccinia virus
“milkmaid blisters”
provides immunity to smallpox

39
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

ds linear poxvirus

flesh- colored dome- shaped lesions with central dimple (umbilication)

resolves in less than a year on its own

40
Q

polyomavirus

A

ds, circular
JC virus- progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV

JC: junky cerebrum

BK virus: targets kidney

41
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

hepatitis B virus
partially DNA, circular
hepatitis virus
kind of like a retrovirus

  1. partially double-stranded circular DNA enters nucleus
  2. in the nucleus, host polymerase makes RNA intermediate from DNA
  3. viral reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA intermediate
42
Q

Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

43
Q

gingivostomatitis

A

HSV1

44
Q

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

A

parvovirus B19

45
Q

heterophile-positive mononucleosis

A

EBV

46
Q

causes conjunctivitis or diarrhea

A

adenovirus

47
Q

enlarged cell with “owl’s eye” inclusions

A

CMV

48
Q

identified with Pap smear

A

HPV

49
Q

milkmaid’s blisters

A

cowpox (vaccinia virus)

50
Q

Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

51
Q

gingivostomatitis

A

HSV1

52
Q

hides in sensory ganglia of S2 and S3

A

HSV2

53
Q

hides in trigeminal ganglia

A

HSV1

54
Q

hides in dorsal root ganglia

A

VZV

55
Q

viral family of JC virus

A

Polyoma virus

56
Q

Downey cells

A

EBV

57
Q

human progressive multifocal leukenceophalopathy

A

JC virus

58
Q

oral hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV

59
Q

multinucleated giant cells on Tzanck smear

A

HSV1, HSV2, VZV

60
Q

only DNA virus that is not double stranded

A

parvovirus

61
Q

roseola

A

HHV6

62
Q

heterophile- negative mononucleosis

A

CMV

63
Q

What cell type is infected in EBV?

A

B cells

64
Q

prophylaxis for influenza A

A

zanamivir, oseltamivir

65
Q

used in treatment for chronic hepatitis C

A

Ribavirin, IFNalpha

66
Q

first- line for herpes simplex virus or varicella- zoster virus

A

acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir

67
Q

inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase

A

-cyclovirs

68
Q

can cause conjunctivitis or diarrhea

A

adenovirus

69
Q

fever, jaundice, black vomit

A

yellow fever

70
Q

enlarged cell with “owl’s eye” inclusions

A

CMV

71
Q

identified with a Pap smear

A

HPV

72
Q

“barking seal” cough

A

parainfluenza (croup)

73
Q

bronchiolitis with cough and wheezing in babies

A

RSV (paramyxovirus)

74
Q

Negri bodies

A

rabies

75
Q

hides in trigeminal ganglia

A

HSV1, HSV2, VZV

76
Q

diarrhea in children during winter months

A

rotavirus

77
Q

2 most common causes of common cold

A

coronavirus

rhinovirus

78
Q

Downey cells

A

EBV

79
Q

aseptic meningitis

A

enterovirus, mumps

STEP1 2015 (30 decks)

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