disease prevention and public health

Question 1

primary disease prevention

Answer 1

prevent disease from occurring

Question 2

secondary disease precention

Answer 2

screen early for disease. Mammograms don’t prevent breast cancer, but they help you find it early

Question 3

tertiary disease prevention

Answer 3

reduce disability, limit the overall burden of a disease. eg prophylactic abx for patients with HIV, which we can’t cure

Question 4

quaternary disease prevention

Answer 4

judicious and evidence- based use of medical interventions to avoid unnecessary risk to patients

Question 5

what disease does rotavirus vaccine prevent?

Answer 5

Rotavirus diarrheal illness in infants and children

Question 6

DTAP, DT

Answer 6

diphtheria, tetanus,
+/- pertussis

both of these are given to children under age 7
DT is given to children who cannot tolerate pertussis component

Question 7

Tdap, Td

Answer 7

tetanus, diphtheria, +/- pertussis

lowercase d and p indicate lower doses of diphtheria and pertussis vaccinations

“a” stands for acellular
Tdap is given as a booster in adolescence unless pertussis is contraindicated, in which case Td is given.

A tetanus booster shot is given every 10 years

Question 8

Hib

Answer 8

Haemophilus influenza type b infections
(meningitis, 
epiglottitis, 
otitis media, 
osteomyelitis, 
pneumonia, 
bacteremia, 
septic arthritis)

Question 9

pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13)

Answer 9

given to infants and toddlers

streptococcus pneumoniae infections (bacteremia, pneumonia, sinusitus, otitis media, meningitis)

Question 10

pneumococcal polysaccaride

PPSV23

Answer 10

covers 23 serotypes
all adults 65 and older.
Patients younger than 65 (for example a young person could receive both)
-cardiovascular disease
-liver disease
-lung disease
-immunocompromised
-asplenia, living in assisted living facility, CSF leak, DM, smokers, asthma

streptococcus pneumoniae infections (bacteremia, pneumonia, sinusitus, otitis media, meningitis)

Question 11

Meningococcus

Answer 11

Neisseria meningitidis infections (baterial meningitis, bacteremia, PNA, septic arthritis)
given to adolescents 11 or 12 years old with a booster at 16
can be given to younger children as old as 2 months if they are at high risk

Question 12

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

Answer 12

given to infants to prevent poliomyelitis, used to be live attenuated virus administered orally, so now IPV only is given in the US

Question 13

Influenza vaccine

Answer 13

children > 6 months and adults, once per year, prevents seasonal influenza. Types: inactivated, or live, attenuated (nasal spray)

Question 14

MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

Answer 14

prevents MMR

Question 15

Varicella vaccine

Answer 15

chicken pox

Question 16

hepatitis A vaccine

Answer 16

hep A

Question 17

hepatitis B vaccine

Answer 17

prevents chronic hepatitis B (cirrhosis, liver cancer)

Question 18

HPV

Answer 18

16 and 18
or 6,11,16,18
prevents cervical cancer, other genital/anal cancers

recommended for girls and boys.
studies showing efficacy against oral cancer just haven’t been done yet

Question 19

vaccines for adults

Answer 19

routinely,
Tdap or Td q10years
because pertussis is of growing concern, Tdap should be given in place of the Td 1x
PPSV23 is given 1x at 65yo
or younger individuals with risk factors
PCV13 pneumococcal conjugate is recommended for everyone over 65yo if they have not been previously vaccinated with PCV7 or 13 but do not give simultaneously
Influenza given annually for adults
HPV for males and females
MMR
Varicella if never before
Zoster over age 60 (all have probably had chickenpox, and they all get the zoster vaccine even if they’ve had zoster already)

Question 20

Reportable diseases

Answer 20

annual list, regulated by state

STDs: HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
Hepatitis: A, B, C
Vaccine- preventable infections: mumps, measles, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis
Diarrheal illnesses: salmonellosis, shigellosis
Tuberculosis