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STEP1 2015 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Retinoblastoma (Rb) genes

A

1/4 of cases are b/l
all b/l cases are inherited point mutations

3/4 are u/l, most of these are sporadic mutations

2 hit hypothesis
in the heritable form of retinoblastoma, one of these hits comes from the parent gene and the other hit arises sporadically

in the somatic/sporadic form, both hits arise sporadically

the white reflex is an avascular growth at the back of the eyeball

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2
Q

p53

“gaurdian of the genome”

A

mutations in more than 50% of human cancers
acts through p21 to cause cell cycle arrest
G1/S and G2/M checkpoints

causes apoptosis by inducing transcription of pro-apoptotic genes (such as BAX)

mutations in this gene allow the cell to progress through the checkpoint despite the presence of DNA damage/mutations

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3
Q

APC- adenomatous polyposis coli

A

familial adenomatous polyposis- colon cancer

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4
Q

BRCA

A 
breast cancer (3%)
ovarian cancer
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5
Q

DPC

A

“deleted in pancreatic cancer”

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6
Q

DCC

A

“deleted in colon cancer”

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7
Q

Neurofibromatosis type 1

  • which chromosome?
  • characteristic physical exam finding
  • alternative name
A

cutaneous neurofibromas
chromosome 17
von Recklinghausen

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8
Q

NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2)

A

B/L acoustic schwannoma

chromosome 22

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9
Q

WT1 and WT2

A

Wilms tumor

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10
Q

VHL

A

von Hippel- Lindau

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11
Q

TSC

A

tuberous sclerosis

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12
Q

proto-oncogene

A

normal cellular gene that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, can become oncogene if mutated

(requires only one mutation)
Onecogene

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13
Q

oncogene

A

genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells by promoting cell growth in the absence of normal mitotic signals

oncoproteins produced from these genes are missing important regulatory elements

require mutations in 2 alleles (twomor suppressor)

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14
Q

RAS oncogene

A

most common oncogene abnormality in human tumors

15-20% of all human tumors contain mutated versions of RAS proteins

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15
Q

K-RAS

A

colon, lung, pancreatic tumors (Kolon, panKreatic)

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16
Q

H-RAS

A

bladder and kidney tumors (Hematuria)

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17
Q

N-RAS

A

melanomas, hematologic malignancies, follicular thyroid cancer

18
Q

RET

A

neurotrophic growth factor receptor, constitutively active when mutated (TKR)

associated with MEN2A, 2B (adrenal glands and thyroid)

  • pheochromocytoma
  • medullary thyroid cancer

also associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

19
Q

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

A

breast cancer
ovarian cancer
gastric cancer

20
Q

C-myc

A

Burkitt lymphoma

21
Q

L-myc

A

Lung tumors

22
Q

N-myc

A

neuroblastoma

23
Q

most common cancers in men

A
  1. prostate
  2. lung
  3. colon
24
Q

most common cancer deaths in men

A
  1. lung
  2. prostate
  3. colon
  4. pancreatic
25
Q

most common cancer incidence in females

A
  1. breast
  2. lung
  3. uterine
  4. colon
26
Q

most common cancer deaths in females

A
  1. lung
  2. breast
  3. colon
  4. pancreas
27
Q

primary prevention- cancer

A 
smoking
obesity
poor diet
inactivity
sun exposure
28
Q

lung cancer screening

A

annual chest CT in adults 55-80 who have a 30-pack year history of smoking

don’t screen if the patient quite more than 15 years ago

29
Q

breast cancer screening

A

mammogram every 2 years from 50-75

30
Q

cervical cancer screening

A

Pap smear every 3 years from 21-65

31
Q

prostate cancer screening

A

PSA or DRE optional

32
Q

colon cancer screening

A

colonoscopy starting at 50yo, every 10 years until 75yo

flex sig every 5 years

FOBT every year

33
Q

lung cancer

A

annual CT CT if quit within 15 yrs and at least 30 pack year smoking history, from ages 55-80

34
Q

PSA

A

prostate cancer, BPH, trauma

35
Q

CA125

A

ovarian cancer

peritoneal irritation

36
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

bone mets
biliary disease
paget disease of bone

37
Q

AFP

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

38
Q

CA19-9

A

pancreatic cancer

39
Q

CEA

A

colon cancer

pancreatic cancer

40
Q

S-100

A

melanoma, schwannoma

41
Q

Tartrate- resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)

A

hairy cell leukemia, a type of CLL

42
Q

pancreatic cancer tumor marker

A

CA19-9, CEA

STEP1 2015 (30 decks)

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