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STEP1 2015 > Rapid Fire Facts > Flashcards

Rapid Fire Facts Flashcards

1
Q

MCC NTD

A

Folate deficiency

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2
Q

MC preventable cause of congenital malformaiton (USA)

A

Alcohol use during pregnancy

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3
Q

unable to hydroxylate proline and lysine 2/2 Vit C deficiency

A

scurvy

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4
Q

hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation

A

Marfan

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5
Q

hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport (type IV collagen)

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6
Q

stretchy skin, hypermobile joints

A

Classical ED (Type V collagen)

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7
Q

hemorrage, easy bruising, berry aneurisms, organ rupture

A

Vascular ED (Type III Collagen)

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8
Q

worst headache of my life

A

SAH

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9
Q

lucid interval following head trauma

A

epidural hematoma

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10
Q

bloody CSF on LP

A

SAH

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11
Q

MCC epidural hematoma

A

MMA rupture

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12
Q

MCC subdural hematoma

A

rupture of bridging veins

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13
Q

nucleus solitarius- vagus nucleus

A

sensory information, taste, baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, gi gut sensation

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14
Q

nucleus ambiguus- vagus nucleus

A

motor innervation to pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus

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15
Q

dorsal motor nucleus

A

autonomic information to heart, lungs, upper GI tract

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16
Q

treatment for absence seizures

A

ethosuximide

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17
Q

treatment for tonic= clonic seizures

A

phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine

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18
Q

medical treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

alpha- antagonist

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19
Q

selective alpha1- antagonist used to treat BPH

A

tamsulosin

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20
Q

continuous machine- like murmur

A

PDA

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21
Q

Boot- shaped heart

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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22
Q

Rib- notching

A

CoA

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23
Q

MC congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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24
Q

MC early childhood agenesis

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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25
Q

head bobbing, wide pulse pressure, diastolic decrescendo murmur

A

aortic regurgitation, often due to aortic root dilation (syphilis, marfan, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis, rhematic fever), progresses to left HF.

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26
Q

MC Cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

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27
Q

MCC urinary obstruction in men

A

BPH

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28
Q

MC treatment of erectile dysfunction

A

PDE-inhibitor eg sildenafil

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29
Q

hepatic adenoma

A

OCP use

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30
Q

grape- like vaginal tumor

A

sarcoma botryoides

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31
Q

koilocytes

A

HPV infection

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32
Q

MC benign tumor in women

A

leiomyoma

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33
Q

chocolate cyst in ovary

A

endometrioma or endometriosis

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34
Q

powder burn lesion

A

endometrioma or endometriosis of ovary`

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35
Q

MCC infertility in females

A

PCOS

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36
Q

Midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation

A

Mittelschmertz

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37
Q

ovarian tumor+ ascites+ hydrothorax

A

Meigs syndrome

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38
Q

teratoma leading to hyperthyroidism

A

struma ovarii

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39
Q

snowstorm appearance on ultrasound

A

hydatiform mole

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40
Q

MC genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Trisomy 21

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41
Q

2nd most common genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Fragile X

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42
Q

Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma

A

Turner syndrome

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43
Q

Rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly, with prominent occiput and lower jaw

A

Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

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44
Q

Most common cancer in women in the US

A

breast cancer

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45
Q

most common benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

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46
Q

most common malignant breast tumor

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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47
Q

blue dome cyst in the breast

A

fibrocystic change

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48
Q

treatment for ER+ breast cancer

A

tamoxifen

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49
Q

red, itchy, swollen rash in the areola and nipple

A

Paget disease

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50
Q

branching, filamentous, gram- positive rods with sulfur granules

A

actinomyces israelii

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51
Q

standard treatment for T. pallidum

A

penicillin

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52
Q

cellulitis from a dog or cat bite

A

pasteurella multocida

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53
Q

non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

chancre (primary syphilis)

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54
Q

moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion

A

condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)

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55
Q

large bull’s eye rash

A

erythema migrans (Lyme disease)

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56
Q

associated with ghon focus or ghon complex and hilar lymphadenopathy

A

primary tuberculosis

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57
Q

associated with lung infiltrate in the apical- posterior segments of upper lobes

A

reactivation tuberculosis

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58
Q

standard initial treatment regimen for TB

A 
RIPE
rifampin
INH
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
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59
Q

Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE

A

Hyperimmunoglobulin E (Job syndrome)

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60
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes

A

Chediak- Higashi disease

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61
Q

Toe extention (upgoing), upon stimulation of the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument

A

positive Babinski reflex

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62
Q

hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, positive Babinski sign

A

UMN lesion

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63
Q

hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy

A

LMN lesion

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64
Q

depigmentation of the substantia nigra

A

PD

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65
Q

chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate and putamen

A

Huntington

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66
Q

eosinophlic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons

A

Lewy bodies

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67
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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68
Q

degeneration of dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis

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69
Q

demyelinating disease in a young woman

A

multiple sclerosis

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70
Q

mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease

A

ALS

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71
Q

newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor

A

Erb- Duchenne palsy

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72
Q

MCC dementia

A

AD

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73
Q

2nd MCC dementia

A

vascular dementia

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74
Q

extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter

A

AD

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75
Q

intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

A

AD

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76
Q

Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain

A

these are pick bodies, seen in fronto- temporal lobe dementia

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77
Q

Dysphagia, glossitis, and IDA

A

Plummer- Vinson syndrome

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78
Q

Hematemesis with retching

A

Mallory- Weiss tear

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79
Q

Mucin- filled cell with a peripheral nucleus

A

signet- ring cell (gastric CA, LCIS)

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80
Q

most common type of stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

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81
Q

ovarian mets from gastric cancer

A

krukenberg tumor

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82
Q

gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

ZE syndrome

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83
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma

A

Cushing ulcer

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84
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer

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85
Q

weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, hyperpigmentation

A

whipple disease

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86
Q

anti- transglutaminase/ anti-gliadin antibodies

A

Celiac disease

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87
Q

Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent NTD

A

Folic acid

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88
Q

most common surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

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89
Q

severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s sign

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90
Q

Adenomatous polyps (precancerous)

A

tubular adenomas
tubulovillous adenomas
villous adenomas (the most precancerous)

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91
Q

GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands

A

Peutz-Jaghers syndrome

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92
Q

Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors

A

Gardner syndrome, all lumpy bumpy

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93
Q

“Apple core” lesion on barium enema

A

Colorectal cancer until proven otherwise

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94
Q

most common site of colonic diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

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95
Q

“string sign” on contrast xray

A

Crohn disease (transmural inflammation leads to narrow lumen and thick wall in short stretches)

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96
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast xray

A

Ulcerative colitis:autoimmune attack on the colon mucosa/submucosa leads to lead pipe appearance on imaging

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97
Q

painless jaundice

A

pancreatic cancer

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98
Q

MCC acute pancreatitis

A

gallstones, alcohol

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99
Q

MCC chronic pancreatitis

A

alcohol abuse

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100
Q

severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate

A

Crigler- Najjar syndrome type I

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101
Q

Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia

A

Gilbert syndrome

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102
Q

triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes

A

fatty liver disease

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103
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

A

Mallory bodies, typically seen in alcoholic liver disease

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104
Q

cancer closely linked to cirrhosis

A

HCC

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105
Q

hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites.

ascites without JVD

A

Budd- Chiari syndrome

106
Q

green/ yellow corneal deposits

A

Keyser- Fleischer rings of Wilson disease

107
Q

low ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease

108
Q

Cirrhosis, diabetes, hyperpigmentation

A

hemochromatosis

109
Q

chronic sinusitis, infertility, situs inversus

A

Kartagener syndrome

110
Q

Elevated D-dimer

A

PE, DVT

111
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood

A

Virchow’s triad

112
Q

blue bloater

A

hypoxemia, hypercapnia (chronic bronchitis)

113
Q

pink puffer

A

dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)

114
Q

Curshmann spiral, Charcot Leyden crystals

A

asthma

115
Q

bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

116
Q

vasculitis and glomerulonephritis

A

goodpasture, wegener

117
Q

anti- glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome

118
Q

Honeycomb lung on xray

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

119
Q

“tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles

A

birbeck granules (LCH)

120
Q

iron- containing nodules in the alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)

121
Q

lung cancer associated with SIADH

A

small cell lung cancer

122
Q

tumor associated with Horner syndrome

A

Pancoast tumor

123
Q

lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia

A

squamous cell lung cancer

124
Q

lung cancer associated with ACTH (Cushing)

A

small cell lung cancer

125
Q

lung cancer associated with weakness

A

small cell lung cancer with Lambert Eaton syndrome

126
Q

substances associated with lung cancer

A

radon, smoking, asbestos, silica

127
Q

common cause of PNA in immunocompromised patients

A

pneumocystis jirovecii, (PCP)

128
Q

MCC atypical/walking PNA

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

129
Q

common causative agent for PNA in alcoholics

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

130
Q

interstitial pneumonia in bird handlers

A

chlamidophila psittaci

131
Q

cause of PNA in patient with hx of exposure to bats and bat droppings

A

histoplasma

132
Q

often causes PNA in patient recently from SoCal, NM, West TX

A

coccidiodes immitus

133
Q

PNA associated with “currant jelly” sputum

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

134
Q

Qfever

A

coxiella burnetii

135
Q

associated with PNA acquired from air conditioners

A

legionella pneumophila

136
Q

MCC PNA in children 1 yo or younder

A

RSV

137
Q

MCC PNA in neonate (birth- 28 days)

A

GBS or E. Coli

138
Q

MCC PNA in children and young adults (including college students, military recruits, prison inmates)

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

139
Q

MCC viral pneumonia

A

RSV

140
Q

Causes of wool- sorters disease (life-threatening PNA)

A

Bacillus anthracis

141
Q

Common PNA in ventilator patients and those with cystic fibrosis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA

142
Q

Pontiac fever

A

Legionella pneumophila

143
Q

Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI

A

Dressler syndrome

144
Q

post- MI cardiac tamponade

A

rupture of the ventricular wall

145
Q

post- MI severe mitral regurg

A

rupture of papillary muscle

146
Q

post MI new VSD

A

rupture of intraventricular suptum

147
Q

post MI stroke

A

mural thrombus leading to embolus

148
Q

splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails

A

infective endocarditis

149
Q

retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

Roth spots- infective endocarditis

150
Q

Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis

A

mitral valve

151
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis

A

tricuspid valve

152
Q

granulomatous nodules in the heart

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)

153
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

left atrial myxoma

154
Q

most common primary cardiact tumor in children

A

rhabdomyoma

155
Q

most common cause of constrictive pericarditis

A

US: lupus, in developing countries TB

156
Q

c-ANCA

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis

157
Q

p-ANCA

A

Churg- Strauss, microscopic polyangiitis

158
Q

treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans

A

smoking cessation

159
Q

treatment for giant cell arteritis

A

steroids, high dose

160
Q

currant jelly sputum

A

klebsiella pneumoniae

161
Q

osteomyelitis in a patient with SCD

A

salmonella

162
Q

“strawberry” cervix

A

trichomonas vaginalis

163
Q

clue cells

A

gardnerella vaginalis

164
Q

bacteria with “school of fish” appearance

A

haemophilus ducreyi

165
Q

a boy with self- mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout

A

lesch- nyhan syndrome

166
Q

orotic acid in urine and elevated serum ammonia

A

ornithin transcarbamylase deficiency

167
Q

orotic acid in the urine + normal serum ammonia

A

orotic aciduria

168
Q

megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B 12

A

orotic aciduria

169
Q

most common medications for ADHD

A

methylphenidate (Ritalin)

170
Q

most common class of medication for bulimia nervosa

A

SSRI (eg fluoxetine)

171
Q

medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal

A

benzodiazepines

172
Q

most effective treatment for alcohol abuse

A

alcoholics anonymous

173
Q

artophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

174
Q

treatment for central DI

A

Desmopressin

175
Q

Treatment for nephrogenic DI

A

HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride

176
Q

Treatmtent for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

A

Amiloride

177
Q

Bluish- colored lines on the gingivae

A

Burton’s lines (lead poisoning)

178
Q

Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D

179
Q

Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on the skin

A

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

180
Q

most common vitamin deficiency in the US

A

folate deficiency

181
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia

182
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy

A

wet beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency)

183
Q

inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome

184
Q

infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopia

A

prolactinoma

185
Q

cells that produce catecholamines

A

chromaffin cells

186
Q

cells that produce Aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

187
Q

cells that produce cortisol, sex hormones

A

zona fasciculata

188
Q

where in the adrenal gland would you find a pheochromocytoma?

A

in the MEDULLA

189
Q

BAM CUSHINGOID

A

Buffalo humo
Amenorrhea
Moon facies

Crazy, insomniac
Ulcers
Skin changes
HTN
Infection (immunosuppression)
Necrosis of femoral head
Glaucoma
OSTEOPOROSIS (reduced bone formation)
Immunosuppression
Diabetes
190
Q

Most common causes of Cushing syndrome

A

exogenous steroid use
ectopic ACTH secretion
ACTH- secreting pituitary adenoma
Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol

191
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal gland

A

benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma in the cortex

192
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in adults)

A

pheochromocytoma

193
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in kids)

A

adrenal neuroblastoma

194
Q

MCC primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal adenoma

195
Q

medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism

A

spironolactone or eplerenone

196
Q

medical treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

irreversible, nonselective alpha inhibitor
phenoxybenzamine
phentolamine

197
Q

pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, hyperparathyroidism

A

MEN2A

198
Q

pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuroma

A

MEN2B

199
Q

adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation

A

Addison disease (primary hypoaldosteronism)

200
Q

HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome (excessive aldosterone production)

201
Q

eye changes: proptosis, edema, injection and hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

202
Q

thyrotoxicosis and history of thyroidectomy or radioablation of thyroid

A

too much exogenous thyroid hormone

203
Q

most common thyroid cancer

A

papillary thyroid cancer

204
Q

cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

205
Q

enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei

A

papillary thyroid cancer

206
Q

standard treatment for DKA

A

IV fluids, IV insulin, potassium replacement

207
Q

standard treatment for 1DM

A

insulin

208
Q

standard treatment for 2DM

A

low- carb diet, weightloss, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin

209
Q

Causes of lipodystrophy (abnormal fat distribution)

A

leptin deficiency

HIV medications, especially protease inhibitors

210
Q

MCC primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia

211
Q

MCC secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

chronic renal failure

212
Q

MCC hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental parathyroidectomy

213
Q

Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek

A

Chvostek

214
Q

Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors

A

MEN1

215
Q

preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation

A

heparin or LMWH

216
Q

preffered anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulatn

A

warfarin

217
Q

preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy

A

heparin or LMWH

218
Q

causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency, thalessemia, lead poisoning

219
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia due to B12 or folate deficiency

220
Q

skull xray shows hair-on-end appearance

A

beta thalassemia major or SCD

221
Q

basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning

222
Q

painful cyanosis of fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia

A

cold agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia

223
Q

Red urine in the morning and freagile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

224
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

howell- jolly bodies

225
Q

autosplenectomy

A

SCD

226
Q

drug used to treat SCD

A

hydroxyurea

227
Q

antiplatelet antibodies

A

immune thrombocytopenia

228
Q

bleeding disorder with gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-soulier syndrome

229
Q

most common inherited bleeding disorder

A

vWF disease

230
Q

cancer most commonly associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

231
Q

sheets of lymphoid cells with a “Starry sky” appearance (macrophage are the stars)

A

Burkitt lymphoma

232
Q

Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye inclusions”

A

Reed Sternberg cells

233
Q

“smudge cells”

A

CLL

234
Q

“punched out” lytic bone lesions

A

Multiple myeloma

235
Q

RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins

A

Rouleaux formation (MM)

236
Q

monoclonal antibody spike

A

MM, MGUS, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

237
Q

Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts

A

Auer rods (AML)

238
Q

dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient

A

Kaposi sarcoma

239
Q

Temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV-1

240
Q

“Owl’s eye” inclusions in organ tissue

A

CMV

241
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplets

A

HSV

type A Cowdry bodies

242
Q

aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient

A

parvovirus B19

243
Q

child with fever and “slapped cheek” rash on face that spreads to body

A

parvovirus B19 (fifth disease)

244
Q

fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, diffuse rash

A

rubeola (measles)

245
Q

small, irregular blue-grey spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red

A

Koplik’s spots (measles)

246
Q

dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient

A

Kaposi sarcoma, HHV8

247
Q

Large cells with owl’s eye inclusions

A

CMV

248
Q

Treatment for CMV

A

ganciclovir

249
Q

MC opportunistic infection in HIV patients

A

pneumocystic jirovecii PNA (PCP)

250
Q

drug used to prevent pneumocystis PNA

A

TMX- SMX after CD4

251
Q

treatment for oral candidiasis

A

nystatin, fluconazole

252
Q

most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients

A

PCP

253
Q

prophylaxis for crytococcus in AIDS patients

A

fluconazole

254
Q

prophylaxis for PCP

A

TMP-SMX

255
Q

Treatment for systemic candidiasis

A

fluconazole for immunocompetant

amphotericin B and echinocandin for immunocompromised

256
Q

treatment for sporothrix schenkii

A

itraconazole, potassium iodide

257
Q

ring- enhancing brain lesion in HIV patient

A

toxoplasmosia gongii

258
Q

treatment for trichomonas vaginalis

A

metronidazole for pt and partner

259
Q

most common protozoal diarrhea

A

giardia lamblia

260
Q

most common helminth infection in the US

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

261
Q

second most common helminth infection in the US

A

ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

STEP1 2015 (30 decks)

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