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Intro Sommelier 2020 > Viniculture/Vinification > Flashcards

Viniculture/Vinification Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What is viticulture?

A

The art and science of vine growing.

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2
Q

What are factors of production for growing grapes/making wine?

A

Location/geography, climate, topography/aspect, grape varietals, viticulture practices, vinification process, harvest, vintage, terroir, wine laws, and history.

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3
Q

At what latitude are most vines grown in the world?

A

Between 30°– 50°

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4
Q

Macroclimate

A

“big picture”

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5
Q

Mesoclimate

A

a particular vineyard site

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6
Q

Microclimate

A

single row of vines and/or one vine

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7
Q

What defines a continental climate?

A

Strong annual variation due to lack of proximity to large bodies of water.

Often hot summers and cold winters.

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8
Q

What defines a Mediterranean climate?

A

Hot and dry summers (aside from immediate coastal areas).

Mild summers along the coast, but subject to storms/weather.

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9
Q

What defines a maritime climate?

A

Climate influenced by large body of water (a sea or ocean).

Mild temperatures that fluctuate year to year.

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10
Q

What defines a high desert climate?

A

Generally hot and dry summers with dramatic overnight drops.

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11
Q

What influence does planting grapes on a valley floor have?

A

Susceptible to frost and sometimes have overly fertile soil.

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12
Q

What do the skins of grapes impart on a wine?

A

Tannins, color, and flavor.

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13
Q

What does the pulp of a grape impart on a wine?

A

Water, sugar, acid, seeds/pips.

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14
Q

What can crushing the seeds/pips of a grape do to the wine?

A

Cause bitterness.

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15
Q

What are three different species of grapes?

A

Vitis Labrusca
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Vinifera *

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16
Q

What is a grape hybrid?

A

Vines of two or more different species to create new variety.

Ex. Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca

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17
Q

What is an example of a hybrid?

A

Seyval Blanc

Vidal Blanc

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18
Q

What is a grape cross/crossing?

A

Vines of the same species are combined.

Ex. Vitis vinifera x Vitis vinifera

19
Q

What is an example of a crossing?

A

Pinotage = Pinot Noir x Cinsault

20
Q

What is a grape clone?

A

Identical genetic reproductions of a single vine.

21
Q

What are the effects of a warm climate on grapes?

A

Grapes ripen fully, more sugar is produced, and acidity is lower.

Higher alcohol potential, flavors are more ripe/lush/juicy.

22
Q

What are the effects of a cool climate on grapes?

A

Grapes ripen slowly, less sugar is produced, and acidity is high.

Less alcohol potential, flavors are more tart/lean.

23
Q

How are yields often measured?

A

Tons of grapes per acre
Hectoliters per hectare
Pounds/kilos per vine

24
Q

What are the factors considered at harvest?

A

Time of picking (grape maturity, sugar ripeness, physical ripeness, and tannin ripeness).

Method of harvest (hand/mechanical and small/large bin size).

25
Q

What is Green Harvesting?

A

Crop thinning method of dropping or cutting unripe grapes before harvest to decrease yields and allow vines to focus energy and nutrients on fewer, higher quality bunches.

26
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of hand harvesting?

A

Labor intensive, slower, greater selectivity.

27
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of mechanical harvesting?

A

Economical, rapid, often bruises fruit and/or comes with

leaves/pets/animals.

28
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of small bins for sorting?

A

Enables careful selection, limits # of clusters to allow measure of the fruit’s weight.

29
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of large bins for sorting?

A

More weight can result in bursting of grapes and premature fermentation.

30
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol, CO2, flavors/aromas, and heat.

31
Q

What are the steps for making white wine?

A 
Harvest
De-stem or whole bunches
Crush
Press juice/must from skins (skin contact?)
Fermentation
Aging (None? Lees? Barrel?)
Fine and/or filtering
Bottle
32
Q

What are the steps for making red wine?

A 
Harvest
Crush
De-stem or whole bunches
Skins and seeds macerated
Fermentation
Aging (None? Barrel?)
Fine and/or filtering
Bottle
33
Q

What are the steps for making rose?

A 
Harvest
De-stem or whole bunches
Crush
Press juice skins/must (Limited skin contact)
Fermentation
Aging (None? Barrel?)
Fine and/or filtering
Bottle
34
Q

What is a foudre?

A

Large oak barrel that can contain 1000+ liters.

35
Q

What is a barrique?

A

An oak barrel that can hold 225-liters.

36
Q

What are examples of other aging vessels for wines?

A

Egg-shaped
Stainless Steel
Concrete
Amphora

37
Q

What does barrel aging do?

A

Evaporates excess water, oxidizes (changes color), affects texture (softens), imparts flavor (vanilla, oak, toast, spice, coconut).

38
Q

What are some examples of different time of oak barrels?

A

American
French
Salvonian
Hungarian

39
Q

What kind of flavors/aromas do American oak barrels impart?

A

Bold and more intense flavors

dill, coconut, vanilla, baking spice

40
Q

What kind of flavors/aromas do French oak barrels impart?

A

Subtler aromas

vanilla, toast, spice

41
Q

What is fining in terms of bottling?

A

A process that clarifies the wine.

42
Q

What is cold stabilization?

A

A process of fining that causes tartrate crystals to precipitate out of the wine at 25 degrees (very low temperature).

43
Q

What is the purpose of sorting grapes?

A

To remove excess leaves, branches, and damaged fruits.

Intro Sommelier 2020 (27 decks)

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