VII. Question (151-200) Flashcards by Catherine Themis

By radiometric dating method, a granite rock is dated with C16 and the age of the rock is 10,000 years old. The statement is?

a. False, because granite can not be dated using C 16.
b. False, because no granite formed 10, 000 years ago.
c. False, because C14 must be used since it is more stable

a. False, because granite cannot be dated using C-16.

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The abbreviation JORC “Mineral Reporting Code of Australia means

a. Joint Ore Resource Code
b. Joint Ore Reserve Code
c. Joint Ore Reporting Compliance
d. Joint Ore Reporting Certificate

b. Joint Ore Reserve Code

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While mapping a creek you found a sandstone bed with inclusions of Ap superimposed on a conglomerate bed. What conclusion can be drawn?

a. there is an unconformity
b. conglomerate is more older than sandstone
c. Andesite porphyry (Ap) causes the reverse grading
d. aota

b. conglomerate is more older than sandstone

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A = 5%, Q = 65%, P = 20%, and accessory mineral is 10%. what is the rock?

Alkalifeldspar-granite

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Aragonite is the the polymorph calcite in which crystal system is?

a. orthorombic
b. hexagonal
c. monoclinic
d. tetragonal

orthorhombic

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Which of the following contains more Cu?

a. cuprite
b. enargite
c. chalcocite
d. bornite

c. chalcocite

Chalcocite (Cu₂S) contains approximately 79.8% copper by weight, making it the copper mineral with the highest copper content among the given options.

Cuprite (Cu₂O) contains about 88.8% copper, but since it is an oxide mineral, it is less commonly used as a primary copper ore compared to sulfides.
Enargite (Cu₃AsS₄) contains about 48.4% copper.
Bornite (Cu₅FeS₄) contains about 63.3% copper.

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Which of the following is a copper sulphosalts?

a. jamesonite
b. tenantite
c. tetrahedrite
d. bournonite

b. tenantite

Tenantite (Cu₁₂As₄S₁₃) is a copper sulfosalt mineral belonging to the tetrahedrite group. It contains copper, arsenic, and sulfur and is commonly associated with tetrahedrite as a solid solution series.

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Why in cross polar microscope, the opaques such as pyrite and au appears black?

a. because of the crystal system
b. because the lights vibrates at one direction
c. because the minerals are metallic
d. because the opaques minerals are not Pleocroic

c. because the minerals are metallic

In a cross-polarized light microscope, metallic minerals like pyrite and gold appear black because they do not transmit light. These minerals are opaque, meaning they reflect light rather than allowing it to pass through. Since cross-polarized light requires transmitted light to display optical properties, opaque minerals remain dark or black under these conditions.

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3.5 astronomical units is

a) 525 million cm
b) 525 million cm
c) 52.5 trillion cm
d) 525 million m
e) 52.5 billion cm

e) 52.5 billion cm

1 Astronomical Unit (AU) = 149.6 million kilometers = 1.496 × 10¹³ cm

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It is the unit of lihostratigraphy

a. zone
b. bed
c. formation
d. super group

c. formation

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Conglomerate sandstone siltstone sh ale from older to younger. The beds are perfectly parallel and deposited normally that you only observed that there are limestone inclusions at the lower part of siltstone. What is the unconformity?

a. paraconformity
b.disconformity
d.nonconformity
c. angular conformity

a. paraconformity

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Which of the following rocks bears Sn?

a. gabbro
b. andesite
c. dacite
d. granite

d. granite

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Conglomerate-sandstone-siltstone-shale from older to younger. The beds are perfectly parallel and deposited normally that you only observed that there are limestone inclusions at the lower part of siltstone. What is the unconformity?

a. paraconformity
b. disconformity
c. angular conformity
d. nonconformity

On question no. 32, what if the limestone is also found at the upper part of shale. Which statement is correct?

a. the two limestone inclusions are of the same unit
b. the two limestone inclusions are of different units
c. the limestones are of the same age
d. the limestone on siltstone is younger than the limestone in shale

a. paraconformity

A paraconformity is a type of unconformity where beds are parallel, and there is no visible erosion or angular discordance between the layers, but there is a gap in the geological record. In this case, the presence of limestone inclusions within the siltstone suggests a period of non-deposition or minor erosion, typical of a paraconformity.

b. the two limestone inclusions are of different units

The presence of limestone at both the lower part of siltstone and the upper part of shale indicates that they belong to different stratigraphic units, representing separate depositional events or conditions.

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35% of all animal families die out, including virtually all labyrinthodont amphibians, conodonts, and all marine reptiles except ichthyosaurs –

End of Triassic mass extinction

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Which of the following rocks bears W?

a. gabbro
b. dolerite
c. granite
d. dacite

c. granite

Granite is often associated with tungsten (W) mineralization, typically occurring as wolframite (FeWO₄) and scheelite (CaWO₄) in granite-related hydrothermal vein deposits and skarn deposits.

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The Agno River drains its water in?

a. lingayen gulf
B. Subic bay
c. Taal Lake
c. Manila bay

a. Lingayen Gulf

The Agno River, one of the largest river systems in the Philippines, drains its water into the Lingayen Gulf.

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The headwaters on Agno River is in what volcano?

a. Mt. Taal
c. Mt. Pulag
C. Mt. Didicas
d. Mt. Parker

c. Mt. Pulag

The headwaters of the Agno River originate from Mt. Pulag, which is the highest peak in Luzon and the third-highest in the Philippines.

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Which of the following contributes on the crystal growth of a mineral?

a. heat
c. fluids
d. pressure
d. pressure dissolution

c. fluids

Fluids play a significant role in the crystal growth of minerals because they can transport ions and facilitate mineral formation and growth by lowering the energy required for crystallization.

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Why do Isotropic minerals do not reorient light?

a. because Isotropic minerals are non pleochroic
b. because Isotropic minerals have negative optical axis
c. because Isotropic minerals have equal dimension and light passes at one direction
d. aota

c. because Isotropic minerals have equal dimension and light passes at one direction

Isotropic minerals do not reorient light because they have the same optical properties in all directions. Light passes through them without being split or reoriented because the refractive index is constant throughout the mineral. This characteristic makes isotropic minerals appear dark under crossed polarizers in a polarizing microscope.

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What type of unconformity between e and f?

disconformity

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What type of unconformity between s and r?

non conformity

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What type of unconformity between j and k?

paraconformity

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In bowens reaction series, why olivine, pyroxene etc. called as discontinous series?

a. because the minerals tends to be less dense as the heat
decreases
b. because the crystal fractionation proceeds after gravity settling
c. because the crystal system of the minerals change as temperature decreases
d. aota

c. because the crystal system of the minerals change as temperature decreases

In Bowen’s reaction series, the discontinuous series is called so because the minerals form in a sequence where each mineral is replaced by another with a completely different crystal structure as the temperature decreases. For example:

Olivine (isolated tetrahedra) transitions to Pyroxene (single chain) as temperature drops.
Pyroxene transitions to Amphibole (double chain).
Amphibole transitions to Biotite (sheet silicate).

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Which of the following rocks usually contains REE?

a. kimberlite
c. lamprophyre
c. carbomatite
d. lamproit

c. carbonatite

Carbonatites are igneous rocks that are composed predominantly of carbonate minerals and are well known for containing significant concentrations of rare earth elements (REE), including elements like neodymium, lanthanum, and cerium. Carbonatite intrusions are some of the primary sources of REE worldwide.

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What mineral has the hardness of 9? a. orthoclase b. corundum c. diamond d. apatite

b. corundum Corundum has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it the second hardest naturally occurring mineral after diamond, which has a hardness of 10.

Heat is one the factors that explains why plates move. Which of the following is not a source of heat a. Sun b. radioactivity c . Friction d. slab pull

a. Sun The Sun is not a source of heat that contributes to plate movement. Plate tectonics are driven primarily by heat from radioactive decay in the Earth's mantle, frictional heating from the movement of tectonic plates, and slab pull as denser plates sink into the mantle. The Sun's heat affects only the Earth's surface and atmosphere, not its internal processes.

Which of the following explains the magnetism of Moon? a. Remnant magnetism b. permanent magnetism c. polarity d. curies point

a. Remnant magnetism The Moon's magnetism is explained by remnant magnetism, which means that the Moon had a magnetic field in the past that has since faded. The magnetic minerals in lunar rocks recorded the ancient magnetic field when they formed, preserving evidence of it even though the Moon no longer has an active global magnetic field today.

Three out of the four axes are in one plane, of the same length, and intersect each other at angles of 60 degrees. The fourth axis is of a dif ferent length and intersects the others at right angles. a. Hexagonal b. trigonal c. cubic d. tetragonal

a. Hexagonal In the hexagonal crystal system, three of the crystallographic axes are of equal length and lie in the same plane, intersecting each other at 60-degree angles. The fourth axis, which is of a different length, is perpendicular to the plane of the other three axes.

Axes and angles in this system are similar to the Hexagonal System, and the two systems are often combined as Hexagonal. In the cross section of a Hexagonal crystal, there will be six sides. In the cross section of a Trigonal crystal there will be three sides . . Tetragonal b. hexagonal c. orthorhombic d. monoclinic

b. Hexagonal The hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system are often grouped together because they both have a fourth axis perpendicular to the plane formed by three equal-length axes that intersect at 60 degrees. The difference lies in their symmetry and shape: Hexagonal crystals typically have six-sided cross sections. Trigonal crystals typically have three-sided cross sections.

The deepest point of the Philippines is a. luzon trench b. galat hea trench c. mindanao deep d. b and c

d. b and c

A V shape river cut between sedimentary beds. What stenos law can be used on dating that rocks?

Lateral Continuity

If you are traversing a creek and then you observed that as you go upstream the rocks become younger. What probably the structure are you in? a. syncline b. fault c. anticline d. monocline

a. syncline In a syncline, the youngest rocks are typically found at the center (or core) of the fold, and as you move outward, the rocks become progressively older. When traversing a creek upstream and observing that the rocks become younger, it is likely that you are moving towards the axis of a syncline, where younger sedimentary layers have been folded downwards.

You found that the reservoir rock of an oil trap consist of two sedimentary rocks in which one is enclosed with the other one. What type of trap would it be? a. structural trap b. fault trap c. stratigraphic trap d. complex trap

c. stratigraphic trap A stratigraphic trap is formed as a result of changes in rock type, sedimentary features, or depositional patterns. It typically occurs when one sedimentary rock type is enclosed or surrounded by another, creating a seal or barrier that traps hydrocarbons. This type of trap is not related to structural deformation like folding or faulting but rather to the natural variation in sedimentation or lithology.

It is used as retarding agent on making a cement a. gypsum b. quartz c. alumina d. limestone

a. gypsum Gypsum is commonly used as a retarding agent in cement to slow down the setting time and prevent the cement from hardening too quickly. This allows for proper mixing, placement, and finishing of the cement.

The direction of the line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane with a bedding or fault plane. a) dip b) plunge c) axis d) pitch e) strike

e) strike

Which of the following describes the pressure and temperature of a blueschist facies? a. high temp./low pressure b. low pressure and temp. c. high pressure/low temp. c. high temp. and pressure

c. high pressure/low temp. Blueschist facies is characterized by high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, typically found in subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced deep into the mantle without experiencing significant heating. The characteristic blue color is due to the presence of minerals like glaucophane.

90% of marine life went extinct and 70% of land life also went extinct

Permian-Triassic extinction’

___ are formed near the top of granite intrusions, with mineralization occurring primarily as big quartz veins containing variable amounts of tin oxide or sulfide minerals. a. cupola b. greissen c. porphyry molybdenum deposits d. skarn e. none of the above

a. cupola Cupolas are dome-shaped structures that form near the top of granite intrusions. They are often associated with hydrothermal mineralization, particularly forming large quartz veins containing minerals like tin oxide (cassiterite) or sulfide minerals. Cupolas are important features in tin and tungsten mineralization systems.

Deposits developed in meandering stream.

Point bar deposit

____ of iron in rocks supports the theory of seafloor spreading is: A) Plate movement; B) Subduction; C) Magnetic alignment; D) Weathering

C) Magnetic alignment Magnetic alignment of iron minerals in rocks, specifically the pattern of magnetic striping on the ocean floor, supports the theory of seafloor spreading. As magma rises at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, iron-rich minerals align themselves according to Earth's magnetic field at that time. These magnetic patterns are symmetric on either side of the ridge, providing strong evidence for the continuous creation and outward movement of new oceanic crust.

A bank of sediment at the channel edge which is higher than the level of the floodplain.

Levee

Removal of material by wind transport

Deflation

Deposits developed in meandering stream

Point bar deposit

A bank of sediment at the channel edge which is higher than the level of the floodplain

Levee

Removal of material by wind transport

Deflation

At least one polished surface facing the wind

Ventifact

Elongated, streamlined ridges form parallel to the wind direction

Yardang

Thick deposits of windblown dust

Loess

A partly enclosed coastal body of brackish water

Estuaries

A shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by reefs

Lagoons

The upper part of a lake which is warmer and oxic

Epilimnion

Deposits found in the deep ocean basin

Pelagic deposit

Generally a site of erosion

Continent

Generally a site of deposition

Ocean

A landform that forms at the mouth of a river

Delta

Typically more 'gravely' deposits delta like Nile river

Arcuate

Typically with a finer sediment delta like Mississippi River

Bird’s Foot

Delta shaped like a tooth

Arcuate

Smoothed mounds, which are oval-shaped hills with the elongation in the direction of ice flow

Drumlin

Deposits of rivers form sinuous ridges of material across the area formerly covered by ice sheet

Eskers

Accumulations of till formed directly at the margins of a glacier

Moraine

The general term for all deposits directly deposited by ice if it is lithified

Tillite