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AY13 Sociology - Crime and Deviance > Victimology > Flashcards

Victimology Flashcards

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1
Q

Victimology has been a growing _______, accompanied by a ______ in ______ ________.

A

a) concern
b) growth
c) victim surveys

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2
Q

What was proposed from government in 2014?

A

A new ‘victims law’ which updates victims on their case and allows them to confront offenders in court.

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3
Q

How is the criminal justice system now judged?

Give an example of how this is evident.

A

How it meets the needs of victims of crime, not just how effectively it deals with offenders.

Victim Support Schemes are now an integral part of the CJS.

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4
Q

If victims of crime have no confidence in the CJS to support them by catching & punishing offenders, what will happen?

A

Most crime will remain unreported as victims will be unwilling to give evidence & offenders will go unpunished.

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5
Q

Why may victims of an ethnic minority feel less likely to report crime?

A

They don’t feel represented in the criminal justice system and feel the police aren’t on their side.

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6
Q

The social construction of victimisation - there are many __________ and _________ victims who never come to the __________ of the CJS.

Eg - victims of _______ assault, _______ violence or ________ crimes.

A

a) unreported
b) unrecorded
c) attention

d) sexual
e) domestic
f) white-collar

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7
Q

The social construction of victimisation - in some cases (eg, _____), victims may not be ______ they have been _________.

A

a) fraud
b) aware
c) victimised

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8
Q

The social construction of victimisation - what are some victims denied?
Why?

A

The status of victim

Others believe they’re responsible for their own victimisation, common with attacks on LGBTQ+ individuals.

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9
Q

The social construction of victimisation

Thombs and Whyte (2007) suggest victims of corporate crime arising from _______ neglect of ______________ are ________ for being _______.

A

a) employer
b) health & safety regulations
c) responsible
d) negligent

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10
Q

The social construction of victimisation - what may some victims refuse to do?

A

Acknowledge they’ve been victimised, believing it’s their fault.

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11
Q

The social construction of victimisation - what does who we regard as victims depend on?

A

Social values & beliefs.

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12
Q

Effects of victimisation - what may the effects consist of?

4

A

Anger, depression, anxiety & panic attacks.

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13
Q

Effects of victimisation - people may face ________ over ________.

________ point out that _______ often ____ to go out at _____.

A

a) restriction
b) movement

c) feminists
d) women
e) fear
f) night

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14
Q

Effects of victimisation - what is primary and secondary victimisation?

A

Primary victimisation = something has physically happened to you

Secondary victimisation = you have been treated unfairly by the CJS

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15
Q

Effects of victimisation - what does secondary victimisation occur as a result as?

A

Primary victimisation, where female victims rather than male suspects appear on trial with their respectability scrutinised.

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16
Q

Effects of victimisation - who can secondary victimisation particularly affect?

(2)

A

Communities or social groups like ethnic minorities.

It can affect families through ‘honour killings’, as they believe it’s brought shame on the family & their reputation.

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17
Q

Effects of victimisation - what are ‘honour killings’?

A

Families members abusing victims

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18
Q

The pattern of victimisation - what is the most likely age group to be victimised?

A

Teenagers/young adults

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19
Q

The pattern of victimisation - __-__ year olds are __x _____ likely to be victims of _______ crime.

A

a) 16-24
b) 3x
c) more
d) violent

20
Q

The pattern of victimisation - while teenagers/young adults are _____ likely to be _______ of ______ crime, they are also ______ likely to be _______ of it.

A

a) most
b) perpetrators
c) violent
d) most
e) victims

21
Q

The pattern of victimisation - __% of children aged __-___ had experienced ______ crime and theft in 20__/__.

A

a) 6%
b) 10-15
c) violent
d) 2013/14

22
Q

The pattern of victimisation - which sex is more likely to have higher levels of worry about being victims of crime?

A

Women

23
Q

The pattern of victimisation - which sex is more likely to be victims of violent crime?

A

Young men 16-24

24
Q

The pattern of victimisation - which sex is more likely to be victims of intimate crime, eg sexual assault?

What do we know about these?

A

Women

They are less likely to be reported to police

25
Q

The pattern of victimisation - what percentage of domestic violence cases are reported to the police, with how many resulting in a conviction?

A

40%

5%

26
Q

The pattern of victimisation - what percentage of rape victims are women, with how many reported rapes leading to prosecution and conviction?

A

90%

6%

27
Q

The pattern of victimisation - which ethnicities are most likely to report higher levels of worry of being victims of violent crime?

A

Ethnic minorities

28
Q

The pattern of victimisation - how many incidents of racially motivated hate crime happens a year?

Who is this primarily aimed towards?

What is significant about this?

A

106,000
Black, Asian & mixed ethnic groups
They’re 14x more likely to experience it.

29
Q

The pattern of victimisation - ethnic ________ are more than ____ at risk of _______ (_____ times higher for _____ people).

A

a) minorities
b) twice
c) homocides
d) four
e) black

30
Q

The pattern of victimisation - who are honour killings & forced marriages exclusively linked to?

A

Minority ethnic groups, most victims being women.

31
Q

The pattern of victimisation - which class is most likely to be victims of violent crime?

A

Poorest section of the working class - unemployed, low-income & in areas of high physical disorder.

32
Q

The pattern of victimisation - those in the __% of _______ areas faced _______ risks of being _____ to _________ crimes.

A

a) 20%
b) poorest
c) higher
d) victims
e) household

33
Q

The pattern of victimisation - what is the ‘inverse victimisation law’?

A

Those with least power, most deprived & fewest valuable possessions are most likely to be victims of all crimes & have possessions stolen.

34
Q

The pattern of victimisation - those who _____ from the ______ are ______ likely to be other ______ people.

A

a) steal
b) poor
c) most
d) poor

35
Q

Outline the marxist perspective on victimology.

A

Victims of corporate or white-collar crime are underrepresented in official statistics.

36
Q

Outline the positivist perspective on victimology.

A

Identify characteristics in victims that make them different from non-victims (victim proneness & victim precipitation).

37
Q

Positivist - what is victim proneness and what is victim precipitation?

A

Victim proneness - characteristics that make people prone to being victimised.

Victim precipitation - what victims get involved in that makes them prone to being victimised, eg failing to lock doors.

38
Q

CRITICISMS of positivist approach to victimology:
It _____ victims not ________.
________ the ____ of the ____.
Doesn’t _______ situations where people _________ become _______.

A

a) blames, offenders
b) downplays, role, law
c) recognise, unwittingly, victims

39
Q

What does Radical victimology (Feminist or Marxist) focus on?

A

How wider issues (structural) produce victimisation.

40
Q

Radical victimology - feminists believe _______ crimes are a product of the _________.

A

a) intimate

b) patriarchy

41
Q

Radical victimology - marxists believe the _____ causes ____________ for ___________.

A

a) media
b) self-fulfilling prophecies
c) working-classes

42
Q

What are criticisms of radical victimology?

A

Ignores victim precipitation/proneness.
For example, some consider people trying to commit crimes and failing and harming themselves responsible for their own victimisation.

43
Q

What is the liberal feminist perspective?

A

They don’t just evaluate women as victims, but looking at victims of all backgrounds.

44
Q

What did hierarchy victimisation (Barine 2000) find?

A

People felt that they should feel most sympathetic for the elderly and homeless as society deems them most vulnerable.

But, out of a list, the most sympathy was given to the child, then elderly, the man and then the homeless.

45
Q

The victim movement - what happened as a result?

Give a specific example.

A

Introduced impact statements in court, allowing victims to address and explain their experience, and began victim offender meetings.

‘#metoo’ movement, brought about to reconstruct the narrative for women.

AY13 Sociology - Crime and Deviance (20 decks)

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