Victimology Flashcards
Victimology has been a growing _______, accompanied by a ______ in ______ ________.
a) concern
b) growth
c) victim surveys
What was proposed from government in 2014?
A new ‘victims law’ which updates victims on their case and allows them to confront offenders in court.
How is the criminal justice system now judged?
Give an example of how this is evident.
How it meets the needs of victims of crime, not just how effectively it deals with offenders.
Victim Support Schemes are now an integral part of the CJS.
If victims of crime have no confidence in the CJS to support them by catching & punishing offenders, what will happen?
Most crime will remain unreported as victims will be unwilling to give evidence & offenders will go unpunished.
Why may victims of an ethnic minority feel less likely to report crime?
They don’t feel represented in the criminal justice system and feel the police aren’t on their side.
The social construction of victimisation - there are many __________ and _________ victims who never come to the __________ of the CJS.
Eg - victims of _______ assault, _______ violence or ________ crimes.
a) unreported
b) unrecorded
c) attention
d) sexual
e) domestic
f) white-collar
The social construction of victimisation - in some cases (eg, _____), victims may not be ______ they have been _________.
a) fraud
b) aware
c) victimised
The social construction of victimisation - what are some victims denied?
Why?
The status of victim
Others believe they’re responsible for their own victimisation, common with attacks on LGBTQ+ individuals.
The social construction of victimisation
Thombs and Whyte (2007) suggest victims of corporate crime arising from _______ neglect of ______________ are ________ for being _______.
a) employer
b) health & safety regulations
c) responsible
d) negligent
The social construction of victimisation - what may some victims refuse to do?
Acknowledge they’ve been victimised, believing it’s their fault.
The social construction of victimisation - what does who we regard as victims depend on?
Social values & beliefs.
Effects of victimisation - what may the effects consist of?
4
Anger, depression, anxiety & panic attacks.
Effects of victimisation - people may face ________ over ________.
________ point out that _______ often ____ to go out at _____.
a) restriction
b) movement
c) feminists
d) women
e) fear
f) night
Effects of victimisation - what is primary and secondary victimisation?
Primary victimisation = something has physically happened to you
Secondary victimisation = you have been treated unfairly by the CJS
Effects of victimisation - what does secondary victimisation occur as a result as?
Primary victimisation, where female victims rather than male suspects appear on trial with their respectability scrutinised.
Effects of victimisation - who can secondary victimisation particularly affect?
(2)
Communities or social groups like ethnic minorities.
It can affect families through ‘honour killings’, as they believe it’s brought shame on the family & their reputation.
Effects of victimisation - what are ‘honour killings’?
Families members abusing victims
The pattern of victimisation - what is the most likely age group to be victimised?
Teenagers/young adults
The pattern of victimisation - __-__ year olds are __x _____ likely to be victims of _______ crime.
a) 16-24
b) 3x
c) more
d) violent
The pattern of victimisation - while teenagers/young adults are _____ likely to be _______ of ______ crime, they are also ______ likely to be _______ of it.
a) most
b) perpetrators
c) violent
d) most
e) victims
The pattern of victimisation - __% of children aged __-___ had experienced ______ crime and theft in 20__/__.
a) 6%
b) 10-15
c) violent
d) 2013/14
The pattern of victimisation - which sex is more likely to have higher levels of worry about being victims of crime?
Women
The pattern of victimisation - which sex is more likely to be victims of violent crime?
Young men 16-24
The pattern of victimisation - which sex is more likely to be victims of intimate crime, eg sexual assault?
What do we know about these?
Women
They are less likely to be reported to police
The pattern of victimisation - what percentage of domestic violence cases are reported to the police, with how many resulting in a conviction?
40%
5%
The pattern of victimisation - what percentage of rape victims are women, with how many reported rapes leading to prosecution and conviction?
90%
6%
The pattern of victimisation - which ethnicities are most likely to report higher levels of worry of being victims of violent crime?
Ethnic minorities
The pattern of victimisation - how many incidents of racially motivated hate crime happens a year?
Who is this primarily aimed towards?
What is significant about this?
106,000
Black, Asian & mixed ethnic groups
They’re 14x more likely to experience it.
The pattern of victimisation - ethnic ________ are more than ____ at risk of _______ (_____ times higher for _____ people).
a) minorities
b) twice
c) homocides
d) four
e) black
The pattern of victimisation - who are honour killings & forced marriages exclusively linked to?
Minority ethnic groups, most victims being women.
The pattern of victimisation - which class is most likely to be victims of violent crime?
Poorest section of the working class - unemployed, low-income & in areas of high physical disorder.
The pattern of victimisation - those in the __% of _______ areas faced _______ risks of being _____ to _________ crimes.
a) 20%
b) poorest
c) higher
d) victims
e) household
The pattern of victimisation - what is the ‘inverse victimisation law’?
Those with least power, most deprived & fewest valuable possessions are most likely to be victims of all crimes & have possessions stolen.
The pattern of victimisation - those who _____ from the ______ are ______ likely to be other ______ people.
a) steal
b) poor
c) most
d) poor
Outline the marxist perspective on victimology.
Victims of corporate or white-collar crime are underrepresented in official statistics.
Outline the positivist perspective on victimology.
Identify characteristics in victims that make them different from non-victims (victim proneness & victim precipitation).
Positivist - what is victim proneness and what is victim precipitation?
Victim proneness - characteristics that make people prone to being victimised.
Victim precipitation - what victims get involved in that makes them prone to being victimised, eg failing to lock doors.
CRITICISMS of positivist approach to victimology:
It _____ victims not ________.
________ the ____ of the ____.
Doesn’t _______ situations where people _________ become _______.
a) blames, offenders
b) downplays, role, law
c) recognise, unwittingly, victims
What does Radical victimology (Feminist or Marxist) focus on?
How wider issues (structural) produce victimisation.
Radical victimology - feminists believe _______ crimes are a product of the _________.
a) intimate
b) patriarchy
Radical victimology - marxists believe the _____ causes ____________ for ___________.
a) media
b) self-fulfilling prophecies
c) working-classes
What are criticisms of radical victimology?
Ignores victim precipitation/proneness.
For example, some consider people trying to commit crimes and failing and harming themselves responsible for their own victimisation.
What is the liberal feminist perspective?
They don’t just evaluate women as victims, but looking at victims of all backgrounds.
What did hierarchy victimisation (Barine 2000) find?
People felt that they should feel most sympathetic for the elderly and homeless as society deems them most vulnerable.
But, out of a list, the most sympathy was given to the child, then elderly, the man and then the homeless.
The victim movement - what happened as a result?
Give a specific example.
Introduced impact statements in court, allowing victims to address and explain their experience, and began victim offender meetings.
‘#metoo’ movement, brought about to reconstruct the narrative for women.
