Green Crime Flashcards
Manufactured Risks - according to Beck, what have massive increases in productivity and technology created?
New, manufactured risks.
Manufactured Risks - what have these come from, according to Beck?
Massive increases in productivity and technology.
Manufactured Risks - what do many manufactured risks involve?
Harm to environment & consequences to humanity.
Manufactured Risks - many of these risks are ______, such as _______ ______, leading _____ to describe ____ _______ society as ‘______________’.
a) global
b) climate change
c) Beck
d) late modern
e) ‘global risk society’.
Manufactured Risks - what are 3 examples of manufactured risks within green crime (case studies)?
The Bhopal Disaster, 1984
The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, 1986
The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 1989
Manufactured Risks - outline The Bhopal Disaster (1984).
(cause, effect, blame).
(4)
Chemical reaction happens in tank, causing explosion & release a lethal gas.
People attempted to flee. 2,000-8,000 killed in few days, more dying years after due to latent-effects.
Investigations found lack of health & safety measures & bad conditions - inevitable.
Plant since paid settlements & Indian govt attempted to charge CEO with manslaughter.
Manufactured Risks - The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986):
________ cloud released into ________ after _______ caused by a _____ of _______.
_______ estimates between ______ -______ & ______ people would develop ______ as a result.
___% of _____ landed in ______, affecting _______ people & contaminating ____ used for _______. ______ still live in _________ areas.
a) radiation, atmosphere, explosion, series, incidents
b) death toll, 4,000-90,000, 270,000, cancer
c) 70%, fallout, Belarus, 2.5 million, soil, food crops, millions, contaminated
Manufactured Risks - what was the manufactured risk of The Bhopal Disaster (1984)?
Poor health and safety measures and plant conditions.
Manufactured Risks - what was the manufactured risk of The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986)?
Design flaws & operator errors, mainly low regulation.
Manufactured Risks - outline The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989).
(cause, effect, blame).
(4)
10.8 million gallons of oil spilt in water, caused by worker fatigue, excessive workload & failure to supervise correctly.
Killed many animals & created higher death rates & stunted growth.
Tiny organisms that could’ve accelerated biodegradation of oil killed in clean up.
Wind spread oil 90 miles beyond the site & lots in sand in 2007.
Manufactured Risks - what was the manufactured risk of The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989)?
Poor employee conditions.
What does the Traditional criminology (Marxist) viewpoint of Situ & Emmons (2000) outline about green criminology?
(2)
It’s ‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law’. If no law has been broken, they’re not concerned.
Structural viewpoint; looks at country as a whole.
What does the Green criminology (neo-Marxists) viewpoint outline about green criminology?
(notion, boundaries, global, interests)
Looks at notion of harm, not criminal law.
Transgressive criminology - oversteps boundaries of traditional criminology to include new areas.
Different countries have different laws - moving from legal definitions develops global views on environmental harm.
Powerful forces define what’s unacceptable environmental harm in their own interests.
What are the 2 views of harm?
Anthropocentric
Ecocentric
The 2 views of harm are anthropocentric and ecocentric.
What do these mean?
Anthropocentric - greater harm if we don’t prioritise economic growth over environmental growth.
Ecocentric - humans & the environment are interdependent, so environmental harms hurts humans too.
What is the (eco) feminist view?
2
Humans (esp women) are interdependent with the environment as harming it hurts humans too.
The environment & humans are liable to exploitation, particularly by global capitalism.
According to eco-feminists, why is the earth similar to women?
The earth is oppressed and exploited in the way women face patriarchy.
According to eco-feminists, how do men and women interact differently with the earth?
Men are to blame for environmental harm and women don’t harm the earth due to their ‘natural’ and maternal instincts.
What are the 2 types of green crime?
Primary and secondary.
The 2 types of green crime are primary and secondary.
What are these?
Primary - crime directly resulted from destruction & degradation of earth’s resources.
Secondary - openly disregarding rules aimed at protecting the environment.
Give examples of primary and secondary crime.
Primary - deforestation.
Secondary - state violence of oppositional groups (states condemn terrorism despite committing similar illegal methods)
According to Wolf (2011), what are the 4 groups who commit group environmental crime?
Individuals - strong cumulative impacts.
Private business organisations - corporate crime.
States & governments - often in collusion with private businesses.
Organised crime - often in collusion with governments & industry.
According to Wolf (2011), individuals are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.
Littering
According to Wolf (2011), private businesses organisations are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.
Breaches of health & safety laws.
According to Wolf (2011), states and governments are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.
The military is the largest institutional polluter.
According to Wolf (2011), organised crime are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.
A significant proportion of environmental crime is carried out by global criminal networks.
Victims of crime - according to W___ (20__), there’s wide _________ in the distribution of ____ & ____ to victims and how _____ are made and ________.
a) Wolf (2011)
b) inequalities
c) harm & risks
d) laws
e) enforced
Victims of crime - according to P_____ (20__), current social _______ are ________ by environmental ____, with the least ________ being the _____ likely ______ of green crime.
He also suggests there is ‘__________ ______’.
a) Potter (2010)
b) divisions
c) reinforced
d) harm
e) powerful
f) most
g) victims
h) ‘environmental racism’
Victims of crime - according to W_____ (20__), ______ people from ______ face far greater ________ to air, _____ and land _________.
a) White (2003)
b) poorer
c) LEDCs
d) exposure
e) water
f) pollution
