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AY13 Sociology - Crime and Deviance > Green Crime > Flashcards

Green Crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Manufactured Risks - according to Beck, what have massive increases in productivity and technology created?

A

New, manufactured risks.

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2
Q

Manufactured Risks - what have these come from, according to Beck?

A

Massive increases in productivity and technology.

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3
Q

Manufactured Risks - what do many manufactured risks involve?

A

Harm to environment & consequences to humanity.

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4
Q

Manufactured Risks - many of these risks are ______, such as _______ ______, leading _____ to describe ____ _______ society as ‘______________’.

A

a) global
b) climate change
c) Beck
d) late modern
e) ‘global risk society’.

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5
Q

Manufactured Risks - what are 3 examples of manufactured risks within green crime (case studies)?

A

The Bhopal Disaster, 1984

The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, 1986

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 1989

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6
Q

Manufactured Risks - outline The Bhopal Disaster (1984).

(cause, effect, blame).

(4)

A

Chemical reaction happens in tank, causing explosion & release a lethal gas.

People attempted to flee. 2,000-8,000 killed in few days, more dying years after due to latent-effects.

Investigations found lack of health & safety measures & bad conditions - inevitable.

Plant since paid settlements & Indian govt attempted to charge CEO with manslaughter.

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7
Q

Manufactured Risks - The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986):
________ cloud released into ________ after _______ caused by a _____ of _______.
_______ estimates between ______ -______ & ______ people would develop ______ as a result.
___% of _____ landed in ______, affecting _______ people & contaminating ____ used for _______. ______ still live in _________ areas.

A

a) radiation, atmosphere, explosion, series, incidents
b) death toll, 4,000-90,000, 270,000, cancer
c) 70%, fallout, Belarus, 2.5 million, soil, food crops, millions, contaminated

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8
Q

Manufactured Risks - what was the manufactured risk of The Bhopal Disaster (1984)?

A

Poor health and safety measures and plant conditions.

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9
Q

Manufactured Risks - what was the manufactured risk of The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986)?

A

Design flaws & operator errors, mainly low regulation.

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10
Q

Manufactured Risks - outline The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989).

(cause, effect, blame).

(4)

A

10.8 million gallons of oil spilt in water, caused by worker fatigue, excessive workload & failure to supervise correctly.

Killed many animals & created higher death rates & stunted growth.

Tiny organisms that could’ve accelerated biodegradation of oil killed in clean up.

Wind spread oil 90 miles beyond the site & lots in sand in 2007.

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11
Q

Manufactured Risks - what was the manufactured risk of The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989)?

A

Poor employee conditions.

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12
Q

What does the Traditional criminology (Marxist) viewpoint of Situ & Emmons (2000) outline about green criminology?

(2)

A

It’s ‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law’. If no law has been broken, they’re not concerned.

Structural viewpoint; looks at country as a whole.

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13
Q

What does the Green criminology (neo-Marxists) viewpoint outline about green criminology?

(notion, boundaries, global, interests)

A

Looks at notion of harm, not criminal law.

Transgressive criminology - oversteps boundaries of traditional criminology to include new areas.

Different countries have different laws - moving from legal definitions develops global views on environmental harm.

Powerful forces define what’s unacceptable environmental harm in their own interests.

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14
Q

What are the 2 views of harm?

A

Anthropocentric

Ecocentric

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15
Q

The 2 views of harm are anthropocentric and ecocentric.

What do these mean?

A

Anthropocentric - greater harm if we don’t prioritise economic growth over environmental growth.

Ecocentric - humans & the environment are interdependent, so environmental harms hurts humans too.

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16
Q

What is the (eco) feminist view?

2

A

Humans (esp women) are interdependent with the environment as harming it hurts humans too.

The environment & humans are liable to exploitation, particularly by global capitalism.

17
Q

According to eco-feminists, why is the earth similar to women?

A

The earth is oppressed and exploited in the way women face patriarchy.

18
Q

According to eco-feminists, how do men and women interact differently with the earth?

A

Men are to blame for environmental harm and women don’t harm the earth due to their ‘natural’ and maternal instincts.

19
Q

What are the 2 types of green crime?

A

Primary and secondary.

20
Q

The 2 types of green crime are primary and secondary.

What are these?

A

Primary - crime directly resulted from destruction & degradation of earth’s resources.

Secondary - openly disregarding rules aimed at protecting the environment.

21
Q

Give examples of primary and secondary crime.

A

Primary - deforestation.

Secondary - state violence of oppositional groups (states condemn terrorism despite committing similar illegal methods)

22
Q

According to Wolf (2011), what are the 4 groups who commit group environmental crime?

A

Individuals - strong cumulative impacts.
Private business organisations - corporate crime.
States & governments - often in collusion with private businesses.
Organised crime - often in collusion with governments & industry.

23
Q

According to Wolf (2011), individuals are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.

A

Littering

24
Q

According to Wolf (2011), private businesses organisations are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.

A

Breaches of health & safety laws.

25
Q

According to Wolf (2011), states and governments are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.

A

The military is the largest institutional polluter.

26
Q

According to Wolf (2011), organised crime are one of the 4 groups that commit crime.
Give an example of how this happens.

A

A significant proportion of environmental crime is carried out by global criminal networks.

27
Q

Victims of crime - according to W___ (20__), there’s wide _________ in the distribution of ____ & ____ to victims and how _____ are made and ________.

A

a) Wolf (2011)
b) inequalities
c) harm & risks
d) laws
e) enforced

28
Q

Victims of crime - according to P_____ (20__), current social _______ are ________ by environmental ____, with the least ________ being the _____ likely ______ of green crime.
He also suggests there is ‘__________ ______’.

A

a) Potter (2010)
b) divisions
c) reinforced
d) harm
e) powerful
f) most
g) victims

h) ‘environmental racism’

29
Q

Victims of crime - according to W_____ (20__), ______ people from ______ face far greater ________ to air, _____ and land _________.

A

a) White (2003)
b) poorer
c) LEDCs
d) exposure
e) water
f) pollution

AY13 Sociology - Crime and Deviance (20 decks)

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