Situational Crime Prevention Flashcards
Defensible space and target hardening are both ways to prevent crime in an area.
What are they?
Include examples.
DS - make area more desensible, eg street lights.
TH - make target more difficult to get, eg sheet over shop windows.
What did Garland (2001) say defensible space and target hardening lead to?
Crime displacement - it’s pushed out from cities/towns into villages etc.
What are the factors Farrington (1985) said differentiated young male offenders from non-offenders (longitudinal study):
(6)
Low income/poor housing Living in deprived areas Hyperactive personality Low school achievement Poor parental supervision Parental conflict
CASE STUDY - briefly explain the Perry Pre-school Project.
3
Split 3-4 year old disadvantaged children into 2 identical groups.
One had weekly social worker visits (home & school) and other didn’t.
Visits supported mother to fulfill housewife role (New Right/Functionalist).
When children with visits aged, it was believed their life would be more fulfilling as they were more ready for school, committed to it & had higher levels of basic achievement.
By age 27, the group with no visits had twice as many arrests.
Criticisms of programs like Sure Start:
R_____ (20__) - the ________ claim they’re ______ to _____ the _____, but they’re ______ to ______ crime and _____ money _____.
a) Rodgers (2008)
b) government
c) trying
d) help
e) poor
f) trying
g) prevent
h) save
i) later
What are the 4 theories linked to situational crime prevention?
Broken windows
Rational choice
Routine activity
Lifestyle
Broken windows theory is a right realist theory that links to situational crime prevention.
Explain broken windows theory (Wilson & Kelling 1982).
Once informal control of crime is lost, crime snowballs out of control.
When in areas with broken windows, people no longer feel responsibility and eventually lose their sense of informal control.
What is gentrification (broken windows theory)?
Wealthy people move into poor areas to bring needed investment & change the community culture which can drive out POC & minority owned businesses.
Economic opportunities increase, increasing the desirability of that area.
Rational choice theory is a right realist theory on situational crime prevention.
What is rational choice theory?
Crime is committed by rational individuals who weigh benefits against risks. They know what they’re doing and it’s their fault.
What is routine activity theory?
Postmodernist/interactionist - crime happens when someone wants to commit crime & a vulnerable person enters the situation unwillingly.
What is lifestyle theory?
People become victims/offenders of crime because of the way that they live their life - it exposes them to risks.
What are the 5 strategies of situational prevention?
Increase effort Increase risk Reduce awards Reduce provocations Remove excuses
Increasing the effort is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.
What are 2 techniques to do this?
Target harden
Deflect offenders
Increasing the risk is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.
What are 2 techniques to do this?
Assist natural surveillance
Reduce anonymity
Reducing the awards is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.
What are 2 techniques to do this?
Remove targets
Identify property
Reducing provocations is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.
What are 2 techniques to do this?
Avoid disputes
Neutralise peer pressure
Removing excuses is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.
What are 2 techniques to do this?
Control drugs & alcohol
Post instructions
Policing - Police & Society
What are the 3 types of ways that police interact with society?
Consensual policing
The conflict approach
Late-modern approach
Policing - Police & Society
What is consensual policing?
Police have a close relationship with local area, reflecting its characteristics. They protect & deliver interests of the majority of law-abiding people.
Policing - Police & Society
What is the conflict approach (Scraton, 1985)?
2
Police occupy by force on mostly poor/ethnic areas.
Research shows they use derogatory terms for ‘targets’ & disproportionately target young, un/casually employed men.
Policing - Police & Society
LATE-MODERN approach: __________ policing represents an ________ of ______ over the population as they _______ themselves into local __________.
Some instead say this is just to _____ _______.
a) neighbourhood
b) extension
c) control
d) integrate
e) communities
f) save money.
Policing - Police & Society
What are the 2 types of policing?
Neighbourhood policing
Reactive policing
Policing - Police & Society
Neighbourhood policing:
Police ______ work in a __________ area to get to know _______ & _______ to ________ concerns, dealing with issues of ________ _________.
a) teams
b) geographical
c) members
d) respond
e) specific
f) antisocial behaviour
Policing - Police & Society
Reactive policing:
Police _______ to _________ calls from the _____ for _____.
a) respond
b) emergency
c) public
d) help
Policing - Police Discretion
What are the 3 types of police discretion?
Individualistic discretion
Cultural factors
Structural factors
Policing - Police Discretion
Individualistic discretion:
Police have their own _____ & apply ____ as they _______ it.
Research shows _______ police apply ____ more _______ to certain ______.
a) views
b) laws
c) interpet
d) london
e) laws
f) harshly
g) groups
Policing - Police Discretion
Cultural factors/’canteen culture’:
Police work ____ _____ in each other’s _______, are mostly _____, _____ & largely _______ from the _____. This results in a ______ _________ culture.
a) long hours
b) company
c) white, male
d) isolated
e) public
f) specific occupational
Policing - Police Discretion
4 cultural developments of police discretion:
S_______ - taught to _______ people on whose _______.
I_____ s______ - ____ on each other in terms of _______ from ______ etc.
C________ - they uphold the ____ which consists of _______ values with social ______ & majority _____ _____ recruitment, generates sense of _________ values.
M_______ - police _____ reflects typical __________ values.
a) suspiciousness - taught to categorise people on whose suspicious.
b) internal solidarity - rely on each other in terms of support from threat etc.
c) conservatism - uphold the law which consists of traditional values with social isolation & majority white male, generates sense of conservative values.
d) masculinity - police culture reflects typical working-class values.
Policing - Police Discretion
Tarling (1988) & Morgan and Russell (2000) - structural factors:
Marxists see ______ as the result of ______ to the __________.
Over ___% of ______ resources are devoted to ________ of _____ space, particularly _____ areas.
As a result, most _______ in ______ were _______ or had ______, working-class ____. Most were _____ men & over ___% were from _____________ backgrounds.
a) discretion, loyalty, capitalist system
b) 65%, police, patrolling, public, poor
c) prisoners, custody, unemployed, manual, jobs, young, 12%, African/Caribbean
Punishment
What are the 4 main goals of punishment, according to Durkheim?
Retribution
Control
Public safety
Rehabilitation
Punishment
Foucalt believes in ________ ______ theory.
Punishment is for ________ and ______ ______:
Criminals _______ to be _________.
Punishments should be _______.
Punishment serves as a ________ to others and should be _______.
a) rational choice
b) retribution and public safety
c) deserve to be punished
d) harsh
e) warning
f) public
Punishment
What is notable about magistrate courts/senior courts?
Magistrates - Morgan & Russell (2000) found 40% of magistrates are post-retirement age, 70% have a professional/managerial background.
Senior courts - 81% male, 3.5% from ethnic background.
Punishment
What have sentencing trends shown?
Numbers in custody are increasing:
The biggest category is violence/drugs.
20:1 male to female ratio.
Punishment (The debate)
Durkheim (functionalist) outlines ________ should be used to ______ the __________.
For example, the ________ of _____ = in ________, cannabis _______ are _______. In ______, ________ cannabis has been ________.
a) punishment, support, value consensus
b) legalising, drugs, Saudi Arabia, smugglers, executed, Canada, recreational, legalised
Punishment (The debate)
What does Weber (Marxist) outline?
Give an example.
Everything should be treated equally and be held accountable (‘legal-rational authority’).
Cases should be debated several times through several forms of court.
Punishment (The debate)
What does Lea (Postmodernist/Left-realist) outline?
Give an example.
Punishment should be about having tolerance and only people who harm others should face serious punishment.
The CJS needs to be more individualised in order to reduce crime.
People can do anti-racism demonstrations, such as the BLM protests taking place during the height of the coronavirus pandemic.
Punishment (The debate)
What does Newburn (Feminist) outline?
Give an example.
There should be an increased focus on female victims - they don’t have the same chance for rehabilitation or punishment.
Police need more specialised training to better deal with offences that largely victimise women, ie rape.
The prevalence of the #MeToo movement.
Surveillance as Prevention
What are the 3 types of surveillance?
Physical, liquid & self
Surveillance as Prevention
What is liquid surveillance?
Your digital footprint.
Surveillance as Prevention
What is physical surveillance?
Surveillance that isn’t conducted digitally or electronically.
Surveillance as Prevention
What is self surveillance?
People controlling their own behaviour through self-discipline and self-control.
Surveillance as Prevention
What does Lyon (2009) mean when discussing ‘surveillance society’?
Where the disciplinary power visible in power of the state over offenders through surveillance has extended beyond prisons and the wider CJS into wide areas of contemporary society.
Surveillance as Prevention
What is disciplinary society?
What is panoptican?
Disciplinary society = surveillance society, where institutions with power exercise it as a system of social control and domination in unequal societies.
The panopitcan = a prison design in which prisoners in their cells were permanently visible to guards but the prisoners couldn’t see the guards or other prisoners.
Surveillance as Prevention
What is ‘synoptic surveillance’?
How the public monitor each other. For example, using dash cams in cars or cameras on cycle helmets in case of an accident.
Surveillance as Prevention
What are two arguments FOR surveillance as a form of social control?
Protects human rights.
Lawyers increasingly request access to CCTV to protect clients.
Surveillance as Prevention
What are two arguments AGAINST surveillance as a form of social control?
It is ineffective as criminals can hide their faces and obscure their digital footprint.
Often results in money being wasted.
Surveillance as Prevention
What is ‘actuarial justice’?
Give an example.
Actuarial justice calculates the risk of particular events happening and prevents crime by stopping the possibility of it happening at the source.
Example = airports will screen passengers by evaluating aspects of them (including sex, ethnicity & age) before deciding to intervene and stop them at customs.
Surveillance as Prevention
What is the ‘post-panoptic’ society?
A society in which surveillance is no longer a power technique (as it was when the panoptic technique was used in prisons) but a ‘cultural tool’ used by individuals everyday.
Surveillance as Prevention
Briefly outline Newburn & Hayman ‘kilburn experiment’.
Newburn & Hayman got access to a custody suite in a North London police station for 18 months and found that although CCTV is an intrusion, it provides evidence for cases of police brutality. The way all of an offender’s time in a police station is filmed both intrudes and protects their rights.
They asked officer’s how they felt about constant surveillance and they agreed it was beneficial to them due to potential allegations put forward against them by detainees.
