Situational Crime Prevention

Question 1

Defensible space and target hardening are both ways to prevent crime in an area.

What are they?
Include examples.

Answer 1

DS - make area more desensible, eg street lights.

TH - make target more difficult to get, eg sheet over shop windows.

Question 2

What did Garland (2001) say defensible space and target hardening lead to?

Answer 2

Crime displacement - it’s pushed out from cities/towns into villages etc.

Question 3

What are the factors Farrington (1985) said differentiated young male offenders from non-offenders (longitudinal study):

(6)

Answer 3

Low income/poor housing
Living in deprived areas
Hyperactive personality
Low school achievement
Poor parental supervision
Parental conflict

Question 4

CASE STUDY - briefly explain the Perry Pre-school Project.

3

Answer 4

Split 3-4 year old disadvantaged children into 2 identical groups.

One had weekly social worker visits (home & school) and other didn’t.
Visits supported mother to fulfill housewife role (New Right/Functionalist).

When children with visits aged, it was believed their life would be more fulfilling as they were more ready for school, committed to it & had higher levels of basic achievement.
By age 27, the group with no visits had twice as many arrests.

Question 5

Criticisms of programs like Sure Start:
R_____ (20__) - the ________ claim they’re ______ to _____ the _____, but they’re ______ to ______ crime and _____ money _____.

Answer 5

a) Rodgers (2008)
b) government
c) trying
d) help
e) poor
f) trying
g) prevent
h) save
i) later

Question 6

What are the 4 theories linked to situational crime prevention?

Answer 6

Broken windows
Rational choice
Routine activity
Lifestyle

Question 7

Broken windows theory is a right realist theory that links to situational crime prevention.

Explain broken windows theory (Wilson & Kelling 1982).

Answer 7

Once informal control of crime is lost, crime snowballs out of control.

When in areas with broken windows, people no longer feel responsibility and eventually lose their sense of informal control.

Question 8

What is gentrification (broken windows theory)?

Answer 8

Wealthy people move into poor areas to bring needed investment & change the community culture which can drive out POC & minority owned businesses.

Economic opportunities increase, increasing the desirability of that area.

Question 9

Rational choice theory is a right realist theory on situational crime prevention.

What is rational choice theory?

Answer 9

Crime is committed by rational individuals who weigh benefits against risks. They know what they’re doing and it’s their fault.

Question 10

What is routine activity theory?

Answer 10

Postmodernist/interactionist - crime happens when someone wants to commit crime & a vulnerable person enters the situation unwillingly.

Question 11

What is lifestyle theory?

Answer 11

People become victims/offenders of crime because of the way that they live their life - it exposes them to risks.

Question 12

What are the 5 strategies of situational prevention?

Answer 12

Increase effort
Increase risk
Reduce awards
Reduce provocations
Remove excuses

Question 13

Increasing the effort is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.

What are 2 techniques to do this?

Answer 13

Target harden

Deflect offenders

Question 14

Increasing the risk is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.

What are 2 techniques to do this?

Answer 14

Assist natural surveillance

Reduce anonymity

Question 15

Reducing the awards is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.

What are 2 techniques to do this?

Answer 15

Remove targets

Identify property

Question 16

Reducing provocations is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.

What are 2 techniques to do this?

Answer 16

Avoid disputes

Neutralise peer pressure

Question 17

Removing excuses is one of the 5 strategies of situational prevention.

What are 2 techniques to do this?

Answer 17

Control drugs & alcohol

Post instructions

Question 18

Policing - Police & Society

What are the 3 types of ways that police interact with society?

Answer 18

Consensual policing

The conflict approach

Late-modern approach

Question 19

Policing - Police & Society

What is consensual policing?

Answer 19

Police have a close relationship with local area, reflecting its characteristics. They protect & deliver interests of the majority of law-abiding people.

Question 20

Policing - Police & Society

What is the conflict approach (Scraton, 1985)?
2

Answer 20

Police occupy by force on mostly poor/ethnic areas.

Research shows they use derogatory terms for ‘targets’ & disproportionately target young, un/casually employed men.

Question 21

Policing - Police & Society
LATE-MODERN approach: __________ policing represents an ________ of ______ over the population as they _______ themselves into local __________.
Some instead say this is just to _____ _______.

Answer 21

a) neighbourhood
b) extension
c) control
d) integrate
e) communities
f) save money.

Question 22

Policing - Police & Society

What are the 2 types of policing?

Answer 22

Neighbourhood policing

Reactive policing

Question 23

Policing - Police & Society
Neighbourhood policing:
Police ______ work in a __________ area to get to know _______ & _______ to ________ concerns, dealing with issues of ________ _________.

Answer 23

a) teams
b) geographical
c) members
d) respond
e) specific
f) antisocial behaviour

Question 24

Policing - Police & Society
Reactive policing:
Police _______ to _________ calls from the _____ for _____.

Answer 24

a) respond
b) emergency
c) public
d) help

Question 25

Policing - Police Discretion

What are the 3 types of police discretion?

Answer 25

Individualistic discretion

Cultural factors

Structural factors

Question 26

Policing - Police Discretion
Individualistic discretion:
Police have their own _____ & apply ____ as they _______ it.
Research shows _______ police apply ____ more _______ to certain ______.

Answer 26

a) views
b) laws
c) interpet
d) london
e) laws
f) harshly
g) groups

Question 27

Policing - Police Discretion
Cultural factors/’canteen culture’:
Police work ____ _____ in each other’s _______, are mostly _____, _____ & largely _______ from the _____. This results in a ______ _________ culture.

Answer 27

a) long hours
b) company
c) white, male
d) isolated
e) public
f) specific occupational

Question 28

Policing - Police Discretion
4 cultural developments of police discretion:
S_______ - taught to _______ people on whose _______.
I_____ s______ - ____ on each other in terms of _______ from ______ etc.
C________ - they uphold the ____ which consists of _______ values with social ______ & majority _____ _____ recruitment, generates sense of _________ values.
M_______ - police _____ reflects typical __________ values.

Answer 28

a) suspiciousness - taught to categorise people on whose suspicious.
b) internal solidarity - rely on each other in terms of support from threat etc.
c) conservatism - uphold the law which consists of traditional values with social isolation & majority white male, generates sense of conservative values.
d) masculinity - police culture reflects typical working-class values.

Question 29

Policing - Police Discretion
Tarling (1988) & Morgan and Russell (2000) - structural factors:
Marxists see ______ as the result of ______ to the __________.
Over ___% of ______ resources are devoted to ________ of _____ space, particularly _____ areas.
As a result, most _______ in ______ were _______ or had ______, working-class ____. Most were _____ men & over ___% were from _____________ backgrounds.

Answer 29

a) discretion, loyalty, capitalist system
b) 65%, police, patrolling, public, poor
c) prisoners, custody, unemployed, manual, jobs, young, 12%, African/Caribbean

Question 30

Punishment

What are the 4 main goals of punishment, according to Durkheim?

Answer 30

Retribution
Control
Public safety
Rehabilitation

Question 31

Punishment

Foucalt believes in ________ ______ theory.

Punishment is for ________ and ______ ______:
Criminals _______ to be _________.
Punishments should be _______.

Punishment serves as a ________ to others and should be _______.

Answer 31

a) rational choice
b) retribution and public safety

c) deserve to be punished
d) harsh

e) warning
f) public

Question 32

Punishment

What is notable about magistrate courts/senior courts?

Answer 32

Magistrates - Morgan & Russell (2000) found 40% of magistrates are post-retirement age, 70% have a professional/managerial background.

Senior courts - 81% male, 3.5% from ethnic background.

Question 33

Punishment

What have sentencing trends shown?

Answer 33

Numbers in custody are increasing:
The biggest category is violence/drugs.
20:1 male to female ratio.

Question 34

Punishment (The debate)

Durkheim (functionalist) outlines ________ should be used to ______ the __________.
For example, the ________ of _____ = in ________, cannabis _______ are _______. In ______, ________ cannabis has been ________.

Answer 34

a) punishment, support, value consensus

b) legalising, drugs, Saudi Arabia, smugglers, executed, Canada, recreational, legalised

Question 35

Punishment (The debate)

What does Weber (Marxist) outline?
Give an example.

Answer 35

Everything should be treated equally and be held accountable (‘legal-rational authority’).

Cases should be debated several times through several forms of court.

Question 36

Punishment (The debate)

What does Lea (Postmodernist/Left-realist) outline?
Give an example.

Answer 36

Punishment should be about having tolerance and only people who harm others should face serious punishment.
The CJS needs to be more individualised in order to reduce crime.

People can do anti-racism demonstrations, such as the BLM protests taking place during the height of the coronavirus pandemic.

Question 37

Punishment (The debate)

What does Newburn (Feminist) outline?
Give an example.

Answer 37

There should be an increased focus on female victims - they don’t have the same chance for rehabilitation or punishment.
Police need more specialised training to better deal with offences that largely victimise women, ie rape.

The prevalence of the #MeToo movement.

Question 38

Surveillance as Prevention

What are the 3 types of surveillance?

Answer 38

Physical, liquid & self

Question 39

Surveillance as Prevention

What is liquid surveillance?

Answer 39

Your digital footprint.

Question 40

Surveillance as Prevention

What is physical surveillance?

Answer 40

Surveillance that isn’t conducted digitally or electronically.

Question 41

Surveillance as Prevention

What is self surveillance?

Answer 41

People controlling their own behaviour through self-discipline and self-control.

Question 42

Surveillance as Prevention

What does Lyon (2009) mean when discussing ‘surveillance society’?

Answer 42

Where the disciplinary power visible in power of the state over offenders through surveillance has extended beyond prisons and the wider CJS into wide areas of contemporary society.

Question 43

Surveillance as Prevention

What is disciplinary society?
What is panoptican?

Answer 43

Disciplinary society = surveillance society, where institutions with power exercise it as a system of social control and domination in unequal societies.

The panopitcan = a prison design in which prisoners in their cells were permanently visible to guards but the prisoners couldn’t see the guards or other prisoners.

Question 44

Surveillance as Prevention

What is ‘synoptic surveillance’?

Answer 44

How the public monitor each other. For example, using dash cams in cars or cameras on cycle helmets in case of an accident.

Question 45

Surveillance as Prevention

What are two arguments FOR surveillance as a form of social control?

Answer 45

Protects human rights.

Lawyers increasingly request access to CCTV to protect clients.

Question 46

Surveillance as Prevention

What are two arguments AGAINST surveillance as a form of social control?

Answer 46

It is ineffective as criminals can hide their faces and obscure their digital footprint.

Often results in money being wasted.

Question 47

Surveillance as Prevention

What is ‘actuarial justice’?
Give an example.

Answer 47

Actuarial justice calculates the risk of particular events happening and prevents crime by stopping the possibility of it happening at the source.

Example = airports will screen passengers by evaluating aspects of them (including sex, ethnicity & age) before deciding to intervene and stop them at customs.

Question 48

Surveillance as Prevention

What is the ‘post-panoptic’ society?

Answer 48

A society in which surveillance is no longer a power technique (as it was when the panoptic technique was used in prisons) but a ‘cultural tool’ used by individuals everyday.

Question 49

Surveillance as Prevention

Briefly outline Newburn & Hayman ‘kilburn experiment’.

Answer 49

Newburn & Hayman got access to a custody suite in a North London police station for 18 months and found that although CCTV is an intrusion, it provides evidence for cases of police brutality. The way all of an offender’s time in a police station is filmed both intrudes and protects their rights.

They asked officer’s how they felt about constant surveillance and they agreed it was beneficial to them due to potential allegations put forward against them by detainees.