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AY13 Sociology - Crime and Deviance > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 types of economy?

A

Criminal capitalist economy

Global capitalist economy

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2
Q

Held et al stated ______ is _____ to ________ due to the increasing ___________ of _____ across ___________.

A

a) crime
b) hard
c) prosecute
d) interconnectedness
e) crime
f) national borders

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3
Q

How much did Castell state the (illegitimate) criminal capitalist economy is worth a year?

A

£1 trillion

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4
Q

What are some proposed tactics for tackling crime?

4

A

Border controls
Increased police activity
Global undercover police
Government communication

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5
Q

What does the global criminal economy consist of?

Give an example of where this comes from.

A

Supply & demand.

Drug demand from the the rich west
Supply from LEDCs

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6
Q

What is an attractive option within the global criminal economy?

A

Drug cultivation

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7
Q

__% of the population rely on _________ for their ________.

A

a) 20%
b) cocaine
c) livelihood

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8
Q

What developed as a result of western demand?

A

Global criminal networks.

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9
Q

Inequalities in the global economy have enabled ______ ________ other than the _______ ________ to develop.
Example = ________ & ______ grow the _________ which brings in more ______ than ________ crops.

A

a) global networks
b) criminal network
c) Columbia & Bolivia
d) Coca Plant
e) money
f) traditional

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10
Q

What have global criminal networks resulted from?

A

Western demand.

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11
Q

What does poverty in the developing world fuel?

What did this lead people to believe?

A

People trafficking.

They’ll be better off in the west.

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12
Q

GRC - what is GRC?

A

Global risk consciousness.

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13
Q

GRC - what did Beck outline?

2

A

We live in a ‘risk society’ where global crime creates insecurities in western countries.

People are at risk of crime that originates 1,000s of miles away so are led to blame foreigners for problems.

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14
Q

GRC - Beck outlined how we live in a ‘risk society’ where global crime has created insecurities in the west and foreigners are increasingly blamed.

What has this resulted in?

A

‘Risk consciousness’ which tightened immigration & border controls.

Moral panics about foreigners increased hate crimes, leading to intensification of social control measures eg tougher border controls.

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15
Q

GRC - Beck outlines that we live in a risk society that had resulted in risk consciousness.

What might risk consciousness consist of? (2)
What does this lead to?

A

Tightening immigration & border controls.
Moral panics about immigrants, increasing hate crimes.

Intensification of social control measures eg tougher border controls.

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16
Q

GRC - what is an example of risk consciousness being applied?

A

US-led airstrikes against Islamic States.

Evidence of increased attempts at international cooperation & control in wars on terror, particularly since 9/11.

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17
Q

Taylor (1997) - what 2 things has globalisation led to?

A

Changes in the pattern/extent of crime, eg displacement.

Less state control over financial matters.

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18
Q

Taylor (1997) - what does globalisation create?

A

Greater inequality which leads to rising crime.

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19
Q

When talking about transnational organised crime, what does this mean?

A

How globalisation affects crime.

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20
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how has this taken place?

7

A 
Disorganised capitalism
Growing inequality
Supply & demand in a globalised world
More crime opportunities
Cultural globalisation & ideology of consumerism
Growing individualisation
Global risk society
21
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how is disorganised capitalism an example of globalisation affecting crime?

(4)

A

Less regulation & fewer state controls.
Corporations go where profits are high & costs/regulations are lower.
Less jobs in developed countries & exploitation in developing countries.
Fuels crime as people seek other ways of consumerism.

22
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how is growing inequality an example of globalisation affecting crime?

(3)

A

Winners of globalisation = rich financial investors & TNCs in developed countries.
Losers = workers in developed & developing countries.
The most disadvantaged are exposed to more risks & growing relative deprivation, feeding crime.

23
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how is supply & demand in a globalised world an example of globalisation affecting crime?

(3)

A

People move to developed countries where they think they’ll be better off.
Most countries made immigration difficult, creating a market in human trafficking.
Many illegal immigrants are in debt to smuggling gangs, resulting in virtual slavery etc to repay debts.

24
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - what is an example of supply & demand in a globalised world affecting crime?

A

DEMAND for illegal drugs in affluent countries creates dealing jobs for the deprived & SUPPLY is met by poverty-stricken farmers in countries like Colombia.

25
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how are more opportunities for crime an example of globalisation affecting crime?

(opportunities, perpetrators, risks)

A

New crimes mean criminals commit illegal activities anywhere with small risk of detection, eg money laundering.

Crime may have perpetrators in another country & it may be impossible for police investigation in one country without state cooperation.

Reduces risks involved in committing crimes.

26
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - cultural globalisation & ideology of consumerism is an example of globalisation affecting crime:
Mass ______, _________ & _____ spreads ideologies of ________ & the ‘________’.

_____ don’t have ability to ______ it & a ______ society encourages turning to _____, eg __________ illegal ____ trade.

A

a) tourism, immigration & media
b) consumerism
c) ‘good life’
d) many
e) achieve
f) bulimic
g) crime
h) international illegal drug trade

27
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how growing individualisation is an example of globalisation affecting crime:
_________ in individual ___________ & ________ are dependent on individual _____ as the ________ can’t be ____ on anymore.
People ______ how to get it & western _____ promotes _______ in __________.
Crimes like __________ give a way of achieving ________ ______ & offer those in poor ______ help through ______ western ________.

A

a) improvements, living conditions, happiness, efforts, welfare state, relied
b) choose, media, rewards, consumerism
c) drug trafficking, unobtainable rewards, nations, illegal, migration

28
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - how the global risk society (Beck) is an example of globalisation affecting crime:
______ are more __________ & _______ of losing ____ etc.
_____ can’t always be ________ so _____ creates _________ induced by _______________.

A

a) people, risk conscious, fearful, jobs

b) causes, identified, media, moral panics, sensationalised reportage

29
Q

Transnational Organised Crime - an example of the media sensationalising reportage in the global risk society (Beck):
Social _______ imposed by ‘________’ (such as ___________) which can ____ _____ crimes.

A

a) disorder
b) ‘scrougers’
c) migrant workers
d) fuel
e) hate

30
Q

T_____ (19__) - “globalisation has led to _____ at _____ ends of the ______ ________”.

A

a) Taylor (1997)
b) crime
c) both
d) social spectrum

31
Q

Taylor (1997) claims globalisation has led to crimes at both ends of the social spectrum - POOR:
_____ move production ______, creating _________ & ________ opportunities for ______ (_________).
_____ crime - ______ classes are ________ by ________ who may ‘_________’ (_____ __________).
Global _____ displays ______ class _________ patterns as ______; leads to _____ as a way of _______ this (_______).
Increasing ________ leads to a less __________, causing more _____.

A

a) TNCS, abroad, unemployment, illegitimate, money, left realism
b) hate, lower, threatened, immigrants, ‘steal their job’, risk consciousness
c) media, middle, consumption, normal, crime, achieving, labelling
d) marketisation, cohesive society, crime

32
Q

Taylor (1997) claims globalisation has led to crimes at both ends of the social spectrum - RICH:
_______ opportunities for ________, eg _________ (_______).
Box (1983) - __________ companies dump ______ products in _____________.
____ companies _______ workers in ____________ where there’s a lack of _________ laws.
Small _____ in the _____ are able to employ ___________ and _____ below ___________.

A

a) criminal, elite groups, tax evasion, Amazon
b) multinational, illegal, developing countries
c) big, exploit, developing countries, health & safety
d) firms, west, illegal immigrants, pay, minimum wage

33
Q

Who did Hobbs & Dunningham survey and what did they ask?

A

People in prison, asking about criminal networks etc.

34
Q

What did Hobbs & Dunningham find?

A

The way crime was organised as a business is linked to economic change.

35
Q

Hobbs & Dunningham - they argued crime works as a ‘glocal system’.
What is a this?

A

Global + local.

Crime is rooted in its local contexts but has international links.

36
Q

Hobbs & Dunningham said crime is characterised by people _______ from _____ gang _______ and creating ___________ of ______, _________ criminals.

A

a) moving
b) rigid
c) structures
d) loose networks
e) flexible
f) entrepreneurial

37
Q

Hobbs & Dunningham - who were criminals becoming?

A

Businesspeople.

38
Q

Hobbs & Dunningham - what is crime compared to?

A

Supermarkets; each employ local people and can contact a distributor who has contacts around the world to help with problems etc.

39
Q

Who did Winlow interview and what did they feel from this?

A

Bouncers in Sunderland (high crime rate) - felt globalisation and deindustrialisation had created new criminal opportunities.

40
Q

Winlow - who was crime being committed by?

A

People who would’ve been hard working who, instead of working at jobs (eg in factories) that they had now lost, they have turned to working in crime.

41
Q

Winlow - what happened as a result of deindustrialisation and job losses?

A

Ethnic minorities suffered racist abuse due to companies moving abroad - particularly in Sunderland in the 90s.

42
Q

________ crime accounts for roughly ___% of world’s ____ in 20__.

A

a) organised
b) 15%
c) GDP
d) 2009

43
Q

What did Misha Glenny look at and what was found?

A

Organised global crime networks.

A global transition region (zone 2) has been created where crime can happen with less policing, eg of arms trafficking.
Globalised organised crime operates like a business, with zones of production, distribution and consumption.

44
Q

Misha Glenny - globalised organised crime operates like a business, with zones of production, distribution and consumption.

What do the zones of production and distribution consist of?
Give an example.

A

Countries in the developing world, often threatened by violence etc.

The Democratic Republic of Congo, since 1998, has seen 5 million people die as a result of international organised criminal networks.

45
Q

How can Misha Glenny’s theory’s be linked to colonialism?

A

In the colonial era, countries like Britain went to countries deemed as desirable, destabilising them and exploiting the locals with violence.

Countries no longer do this, instead it’s criminal organisations.

46
Q

What does Western consumerism feed into?

A

International organised crime.

47
Q

What is McMafia?

A

Crime gangs work like McDonalds; globally and interconnected business-like criminal network.
Mafia models can be exported everywhere.

48
Q

How can the mafia use the media?

A

Trade & banking etc.

AY13 Sociology - Crime and Deviance (20 decks)

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