victim offender overlap seminar Flashcards
who was violent victimisation highest against?
violent victimisation was highest among gang members
followed by former gang members, gang associates, and non gang members
did involvement in gang crime influence juveniles risk of serious violent victimisation
gang membership did not significantly influence juveniles risk of violent victimization
gang membership alone can increase the likelihood of violent victimisation but victimisation may also be due to
- gang members risky lifestyles
- risk of retaliation from rival gangs
- risk of violence from within their own gang
do gang members join gangs for what reason
for protection from crime victimisation
routine activities theory
proposes that victimisation is an opportunistic event that occurs due to the favourable combination of everyday factors
- such as availability of vulnerable target
- the absence of any protective agents
-presence of motivated offender
apply lifestyle/ routine activities theory to gang violence
lifestyle and routine activities differentially expose individuals to offenders who are likely to victimise them, as well as to
- locations and situations conducive to victimisation
- victim and offenders share simialr socio-demographic profiles becasue certain charcteristics direct indviduals towards lifestyles that are associated with increased risk of both victimisation and offender
what socio-demographic are gang members likely to have
- young male
-low socioeconomic status
-members of racial or ethnic minority groups
gang members were more likely to experience
-violent victimisation
-increased involvement in delinquency
-perceived availability of drugs
all signficianctly mediated the relationship between gang membership and violent victimisation
enhancement hypothesis
-gangs attract individuals who possess many same attitudes and engage in the same risky behaviour as those in the gang
-after joining the gang their involvement in risky behaviour is further enhanced
-as a consequence these individuals experience higher levels of victimisation prior to gang joining and when they become actively involved in a gang they experience even higher levels of victimisation
collective liability theory
ritualistic violence used by gangs not only serves important symbolic purpose but that collective and normative structure of gangs also supports and encourages use of violence, both preemptively and in retaliation
- collective and normative features of gang reinforce members belief that gang protects them against ever present outside threats and reinforces others perception of gang as threatening
- gangs thereby increase members risk of victimisation by generating a collective liability for all members
decker argues that collective liability
expands the potential pool of victims to all gang members and increases their risk of retaliatory victimisation
what 3 hypotheses does decker study that the potential for retaliatory violence between rival gangs has an important influence on gang member victimisation
- gang involvement and involvement in other risky lifestyles is related to violent victimisation
- involvement in gang crime is associated with violent victimisation
- presence of rival gangs is related to violent victimisation
main demographic for gang members
male
hispanic/ white
two thirds graduated high school
63% smoked marijuana
drug use is highest crime
what percentage and age of arrest was the main demographic
81% male and just over 15 at time of arrest
racial or ethnic group membership percentage
45% hispanic
41.5% white
10.1% african american
3.4% american indian
