victim offender overlap seminar Flashcards

1
Q

who was violent victimisation highest against?

A

violent victimisation was highest among gang members
followed by former gang members, gang associates, and non gang members

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2
Q

did involvement in gang crime influence juveniles risk of serious violent victimisation

A

gang membership did not significantly influence juveniles risk of violent victimization

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3
Q

gang membership alone can increase the likelihood of violent victimisation but victimisation may also be due to

A
  • gang members risky lifestyles
  • risk of retaliation from rival gangs
  • risk of violence from within their own gang
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4
Q

do gang members join gangs for what reason

A

for protection from crime victimisation

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5
Q

routine activities theory

A

proposes that victimisation is an opportunistic event that occurs due to the favourable combination of everyday factors
- such as availability of vulnerable target
- the absence of any protective agents
-presence of motivated offender

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6
Q

apply lifestyle/ routine activities theory to gang violence

A

lifestyle and routine activities differentially expose individuals to offenders who are likely to victimise them, as well as to
- locations and situations conducive to victimisation
- victim and offenders share simialr socio-demographic profiles becasue certain charcteristics direct indviduals towards lifestyles that are associated with increased risk of both victimisation and offender

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7
Q

what socio-demographic are gang members likely to have

A
  • young male
    -low socioeconomic status
    -members of racial or ethnic minority groups
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8
Q

gang members were more likely to experience

A

-violent victimisation
-increased involvement in delinquency
-perceived availability of drugs
all signficianctly mediated the relationship between gang membership and violent victimisation

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9
Q

enhancement hypothesis

A

-gangs attract individuals who possess many same attitudes and engage in the same risky behaviour as those in the gang
-after joining the gang their involvement in risky behaviour is further enhanced
-as a consequence these individuals experience higher levels of victimisation prior to gang joining and when they become actively involved in a gang they experience even higher levels of victimisation

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10
Q

collective liability theory

A

ritualistic violence used by gangs not only serves important symbolic purpose but that collective and normative structure of gangs also supports and encourages use of violence, both preemptively and in retaliation
- collective and normative features of gang reinforce members belief that gang protects them against ever present outside threats and reinforces others perception of gang as threatening
- gangs thereby increase members risk of victimisation by generating a collective liability for all members

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11
Q

decker argues that collective liability

A

expands the potential pool of victims to all gang members and increases their risk of retaliatory victimisation

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12
Q

what 3 hypotheses does decker study that the potential for retaliatory violence between rival gangs has an important influence on gang member victimisation

A
  1. gang involvement and involvement in other risky lifestyles is related to violent victimisation
  2. involvement in gang crime is associated with violent victimisation
  3. presence of rival gangs is related to violent victimisation
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13
Q

main demographic for gang members

A

male
hispanic/ white
two thirds graduated high school
63% smoked marijuana
drug use is highest crime

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14
Q

what percentage and age of arrest was the main demographic

A

81% male and just over 15 at time of arrest

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15
Q

racial or ethnic group membership percentage

A

45% hispanic
41.5% white
10.1% african american
3.4% american indian

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16
Q

percentages for school

A

66.7% reported attending school or graduating
33.3% reported having been expelled
7.9 suspended
25.5 dropped out of school

17
Q

drug use percentages

A

63% used marijuana
20.8% used powder or crack cocaine

18
Q

what is the highest crime

A

drug use

19
Q

did gang members have group affiliation before they joined

A

no prior gang affiliation

20
Q

what percentage victim of gun crimes

A

55%

21
Q

what percentage of current gang members were most liekly to report having been a victim of violent crime

A

97.8%

22
Q

victim precipitation theory

A

theories that in a given criminal act the victim themselves behave or act in certain ways that inadvertently provoke the offenders attack on them

23
Q

lifestyle theory

A

lifestyle of a certain person increases their exposure to the criminal elements of society thereby facilitating their victimisation
situational examples include
- being in public places late at night
- regular excessive alcohol consumption
- substance abuse
- having affiliations to criminals
- indulging in criminal activities