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o+v MCQs > crime type 3 - hate crime > Flashcards

crime type 3 - hate crime Flashcards

1
Q

where has the term hate crime come from in the US?

A

hate crime agenda rose through social movements from 1960s onwards

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2
Q

where has the term hate crime come from in the UK?

A

hate crime agenda emerged from a number of high profile incidents e.g. murder of stephen lawrence, islamphobia post 9/11 and 7/7

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3
Q

how has hate crime agenda gained traction

A

alongside the increasing role of the victim in the CJS

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4
Q

types of hate crime

A

religious
racist
homophobic
transphobic
disablist

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5
Q

what are the problem of creating a definition on hate crime

A

problem on creating a definition rests on the difficulty of defining prejudice
prejudice can be for something and against something

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6
Q

association of chief police officers definition of hate incident

A

a hate incident is defined as any incident which may or may constitute a criminal offence which is perceived by the victim or any other person as being motivated by prejudice or hate

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7
Q

association of chief police officers definition of hate crime

A

hate crime is defined as any hate incident which constitutes a criminal offence perceived by the victim or any other person as being motivated by prejudice or hate

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8
Q

difference between hate crime and hate incident

A

hate incident = any incident
hate crime = any hate incident

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9
Q

what is a racist incident

A

is any incident which is perceived to be racist by the victim or any other person

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10
Q

key academic discussions on definition of hate crime

A

hate crime is a social construct
is hate crime a crime motivated by hatred
gerstenfeld - the pivotal characteristics of hate crime is the group affiliation of the victim

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11
Q

petrosino definition of hate crime

A

victim centred approach
victimisation of minorities due to their racial or ethnic identity by members of the majority

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12
Q

jacob and potters 1998 definition of hate crime

A

hate crime is a social construct

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13
Q

gerstenfeld 2004 definition of hate crime

A

the pivotal characteristics is the group affiliation of the victim

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14
Q

sheffield 1995 definition of hate crime

A

includes political element
hate violence motivated by social and political factors
bolstered by belief systems which attempt to legitimate such violence
violence is not a series of isolated incidents but rather the consequence of a political culture according to biological or social characteristics

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15
Q

perry 2001 hate crime definiton

A

considers impact on the actors
invovles acts of violence and intimidation usually directed towards already stigmatised and marginalised groups
mechanism of power and oppression intended to reaffrim precarious hierachies
recreate hegemony of perpetrators group
self and the other

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16
Q

iganski 2008 proposed that hate crime is

A

a concept referring to policy domain
bigotry against victim plays a part

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17
Q

aggravated factors sentencing act 2020 involves how many offical vulnerable people of hate crime

A

all 5

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18
Q

aggravated offnces 1998 involves how many offical vulnerable people

A

2
race and religion

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19
Q

stirring hatred public order act 1986 involes how many officialr vulnerable people

A

3
race
religion
homophobic

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20
Q

which group has the highest amount of hate crime

A

race

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21
Q

which group has second amount of hate crime against them

A

sexual orientation

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22
Q

is hate crime decreasing or increasing?

A

according to CSEW hate crime victimisation is falling
decreased by 38% since 2007 to 2020

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23
Q

what is a biological explanation of hate crime

A

amygdala

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24
Q

amygdala is what

A

one of most primitive parts of the brain
shows highest correlation with unconscious prejudice
is associated with fear and aggression
where prepared fears and learned fears come from

25
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do

A

control amygdala

26
Q

what do hormones do? (oyxtocin)

A

work of oxytocin : a hormone produced when humans fall on love or become pregnant
oxytocin does not only increase trust and sympathy but also aggression towards those regarded as others

27
Q

where does the distinguishment between us and them come from

A

robbers cave experiment

28
Q

mcdevitt 4 types of hate crime offenders

A

thrill
defensive
mission
retaliatory

29
Q

thrill offenders

A
  • mainly teenagers/ young adults
  • group looking for a thrill
  • often left local area to look for victim based on their difference
  • 66% of offenders come from here
30
Q

defensive offenders

A

defending their territory
25% of all cases
young offenders
usually against non english speaking victims

31
Q

mission offenders

A

want to eliminate groups they see as evil or inferior
less than 1%
on a mission to rid the world of people they don’t like
worst ones
usually terrorists or extremists

32
Q

retaliatory offenders

A

revenge offences
offering ‘just deserts’
8% sample
goes into another area to retaliate
retaliation of something that occured to them or their social group

33
Q

what is economic deprivation

A

the relationship between poverty and far right activities

34
Q

treadwell and garland say that hate crime offenders negative feelings are based off

A

anger
alienation
marginalisation
frustration

35
Q

gadd 2010 projection of negative feelings

A

negative feelings caused by hurts that are both irreducibly personal and complexly class based

36
Q

hegemonic masculinity connell 1995

A
  • hegemonic masculinity
    complicit masculinity
    subordinated masculinity
37
Q

why are certain masculinities subordinated and what type

A

being gay is a subordinated form of masculinity in order to maintain the patriarchal culture

38
Q

kimmel 1994 argues masculinity and homophobia

A

fraught from the start due to risk tasking behaviours and competitions
fear of being discovered as insufficently masculine is projected onto gay men and manifests itself as an attack against htem

39
Q

what is a trigger event?

A

a surge of hate crime after major events such as 9/11 7/7 and brexit

40
Q

coronavirus increased hate crime against who

A

attacks against chinese people increased in london
the rise of anti asian hate crime

41
Q

the rise of anti asian hate crime background based on

A

populism
ethnonationalism
retreating internationalism
support for trump

42
Q

what are advantages of self control theory

A

over representation of unemployed among hate crime
are motivated by thrill
are versatile committing wider range of crime

43
Q

iganski normality of everyday hate crime

A

not prompted by particular ideology but instead display common sense anti semitism that lies beneath the surface of everyday cognition for many individuals
rises to surface for some when opportunity to vent bigotry presents itself
triggered by a grievance, irritation or conflict
everyday things
but presents a particular reflex opportunity when jewish person is involved

44
Q

what is a justification for extra punishment?

A

hate crime hurts more

45
Q

effect of hate crime on individuals?

A
  • distinct and/ or more significant harm than other victims
  • it is a violation of really a persons essence because you cant change who you are
46
Q

effect of hate crimes on specific groups/ communities

A

message crime

47
Q

effect of hate crime on wider society

A

challenges values of tolerance and respect for others

48
Q

the leicester hate crime project (LCHCP) conducted what

A

diverse experiences of victimisation among 1421 participants

49
Q

LHCP what types of victimisation

A

verbal abuse 55%
three in ten harassment 29%
property crime 13%
violent crime 9%
cyberbullying 6%
sexual violence 4%

50
Q

LHCP experiences of victimisation

A

high level victimisation
high level repeated victimisation
87% had experienced verbal abuse
nearly half 48% targeted repeatedly in this way

51
Q

LHCP gender gap

A

men were more likely than women to experienced both verbal abuse and violent hate crime

52
Q

LCHP recent and ongoing issue

A

3 in 5 respondents their most recent experience of hate crime had been within past year 59%
1 in 4 within the last month 24%

53
Q

LCHP intersectional nature of victimisations

A

50% referring to more than one reason e.g. race and religion

54
Q

LCHP negative emotional reactions

A

feeling upset 71%
anxious 41%
vulnerable 36%
depression 24%
feeling suicidal 7%

55
Q

LCHP higher likeliness for those who targeted because of

A

mental ill-health 46%
transgender status 38%
learning disabilities 26%

56
Q

muslim women were
this is an example of

A

disproportionately targeted
an example of intersection of different categories being a woman and a religious minority

57
Q

how do many hate crime perpetrators view their targets

A

vulnerable
weak
defenceless
powerless
with limited capacity to resist

58
Q

arguments for hate being a crime

A

encourages reporting incidents (better data and understanding)
just deserts for greater harm caused
sends a message
builds confidence in the CJS
promotes social cohesion

59
Q

arguments against hate being a crime

A

ineffective as a deterrent
unjust to add extra punishment for an offenders values?
restricts freedom of speech
creates special groups and may be unfair on those who are not in one the identified categories

o+v MCQs (12 decks)

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