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o+v MCQs > crime type 4 - fraud > Flashcards

crime type 4 - fraud Flashcards

1
Q

types of fraud list some examples

A
  • benefit fraud
  • charity fraud
  • consumer fraud
  • embezzlement
  • insurance fraud
  • tax fraud
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2
Q

wells 2017 definition of fraud

A

‘any crime which uses deception as its principal modus operandi’

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3
Q

button and cross 2017 definition of fraud

A

‘fraud is the obtaining of financial advantage or causing of loss by implicit or explicit deception; it is the mechanism through which the fraudster gains an unlawful advantage or causes unlawful loss’

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4
Q

key features and distinctions of fraud

A
  • fraud yields some kind of financial or economic gain to someone
  • fraud does not always cause a financial or economic loss to someone (CV fraud)
  • the financial or economic gain does not always benefit the fraudster (e.g. conducted by companies for fraudsters)
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5
Q

legal spectrum of frauds and scams (examples)

A
  • range of behaviours
  • unethical behaviour
  • behaviour which may breach civil and/ or regulatory law
  • criminal behaviour
    -european healthcare card scams
  • payment protection insurance
  • romance frauds
  • nigerian 419 scams
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6
Q

fraud act 2006 list of offences

A
  • fraud by false representation
  • fraud by failing to disclose information
  • fraud by abuse of position
  • possession, making or supplying of articles for use in frauds
  • participating in a fraudulent business
  • obtaining services dishonestly
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7
Q

what are cyber dependent frauds?

A
  • hacking
  • monitoring
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8
Q

what are cyber enabled frauds?

A
  • card not present fraud
  • fraudulent sales
  • phishing scams
  • mass marketing frauds (aka advanced free fraud)
  • romance fraud
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9
Q

what is the influence of the internet on fraud?

A
  • new types of frauds - new opportunities
  • adapting new technologies e.g. ebay
  • industrialisation of old frauds
  • fraud entrepreneurs
  • neutralization of frauds
  • lowered costs
  • globalisation - huge gap between the global north and south
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10
Q

perpetration strategies for fraud

A
  • Small amount of money and mass targeting
  • Authority and legitimacy
  • Visceral appeals
  • Pressure and coercion
  • Grooming
  • Good sales techniques
  • Operating in a legal hinterland
  • Fraud at a distance
  • Embarrassing
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11
Q

list types of offenders for fraud

A
  • everyday fraudsters
  • employee fraudsters
  • professional fraudsters
  • organised fraudsters
  • corporate fraudsters
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12
Q

what fraudsters are the most commonly researched?

A
  • employee fraudsters
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13
Q

organised fraudsters make up what per cent of reported frauds

A

-31% and 45% of reported frauds are perpetrated by organised crime groups
- mass marketing frauds such as boiler room frauds
- operate globally

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14
Q

corporate fraudsters caused what scandal

A
  • subprime mortgage scandal in 2008, whcih resulted in mass recession
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15
Q

company fraudsters key facts

A
  • 79% are men
  • 68% are between ages of 36 and 55
  • 32% are managers and 26% are executive members
  • motivated by personal gain 60%, greed 36% and the sense of because i can 27%
    -autocratic 18%
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16
Q

in what per cent of fraud cases do fraudsters collude with others?

A

62%

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17
Q

what is babiak and hare 2007 definition of fraudster

A

fraudster is a type of psychopath you see at workplaces, characterised by:
- narcissistic personality disorder
- excessive need for admiration
- a sense of superiority and entitlement
- lack of sympathy
-autoclatic
-cynical views about the morality

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18
Q

what are possible strains for white collar crime?

A

possible strains =
- blockage of economic goals
- the inability to achieve status goals
-work-related stressors

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19
Q

what types of white collar offenders does strain predict?

A
  • security violations
  • false claims and statements
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20
Q

what is corporate level strain in white collar crime ?

A
  • globalisation of business
  • rapid social change
  • national/ international economic stability
  • internal competition
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21
Q

when do some companies engage in fraud in white collar crimes?

A
  • when the whole industry is developing, rather than under strain either at corporation or industry level
22
Q

what 3 factors might be at work when fraud is committed?

A
  • situational factors
  • bondrelated factors
  • moral factors
23
Q

what 3 steps are taken in situational factors?

A

step 1: change in economic or private life
- gradual
-abrupt
step 2: criminologenic pressure
- economic strain
- social pressure
- temptation
step 3: opportunity is taken to resolve the pressure

24
Q

what bond related factors are at place for fraudsters to why they commit crime?

A
  • fraudsters experience that they are distanced from conventional society
  • this leads to a weakened commitment to the laws
25
Q

what moral factors are at place for fraudsters?

A
  • moral nonchalance
    -supreme moral judgment
  • moral blockade
  • adopted moral self
26
Q

what makes denial of immorality possible?

A
  • any kind of reaction, either from law enforcements or citizens, is rare
  • rarely cause moral outrage (exceptions is some white collar crimes)
  • close relation between offending and victimisation - the former might give justification for the latter
27
Q

what 3 types of corporate offenders are there?

A
  • slippery slope
  • intermediate long firm fraudsters
  • pre-planned long firm fraudsters
28
Q

define slippery slope corporate offenders

A
  • generally have no prior convictions and fall into frauds through pressures combined with identification of opportunities
29
Q

define intermediate long firm fraudsters

A
  • some with prior convictions who started out with legitimate intentions, but eventually turn to fraud
30
Q

define pre planned long firm fraudsters

A
  • the perpetrators start with the purpose of fraud and generally have past criminal convictions although may use ‘front’ people without convictions
    -some may be involved in organized crime in the traditional sense i.e drugs, racketeering, or links to them, or may focus solely on certain types of frauds
31
Q

what are the 3 different diveristies of white collar offenders
weisburd and waring 2001
piquero and weisburd 2008

A

G3 = low frequency offenders (the same or higher level of social stability factors compared with the general public)
- crisis responders
- opportunity takers

G2 and G1 = chronic offenders
- opportunity seekers G2
- stereotypical offenders G1

32
Q

A large proportion of population in UK and Germany would consider committing which following crimes?

A
  • paying cash in hand to avoid taxation 46% e and w, 68% wg
    -padding an insurance claim to make money – 22% in England and Wales and 40% in Western Germany
  • claiming for refunds they knew they weren’t entitled to – 10% in England and Wales and 23% in Western Germany.
33
Q

what feature distinguishes frauds from other volume crimes

A

the fact that they are easy to rationalise

34
Q

what is the essential point to take away with the commitment of fraud offenders

A
  • that most fraudsters are ordinary, respectable people who silently commit fraud as part of their everyday lives
35
Q

in what environment do consumers fell victimised and why?

A

due to deregulation of markets, a new ‘risk environment’ with little regulation was created
- this created ample opportunities for fraudulent transactions and sharp practices on both sides of the counter
- became a widened distance between offenders and victims

36
Q

which fraud victims are said to suffer a victimless crime? and why?

A

credit card fraud victims
- because they suffer a financial loss but then are reimbursed by their banks
- but this is only one type of fraud victims, who do not compromise the majority
- for many other victims of fraud they do not get their money back

37
Q

fraud victimisation can extend past the financial loss to what?

A

deterioration of physical and emotional health and well being
- depression
- relationship breakdown

38
Q

who are victims of fraud?

A
  • individuals
  • private companies
  • public/ government bodies
  • some frauds involve only one type of victim, while others involve several actors
  • primary and secondary victims
39
Q

how much in 2005 did financial services lose with fraud?

A

£1.005 billion

40
Q

how much in 2005 did other business lose due to fraud?

A

£1.821 billion

41
Q

how much in 2005 did private individuals lose due to fraud?

A

£2.75 billion

42
Q

how much in the national public sector was lost due to fraud in 2005?

A

£6.434 billion

43
Q

how much in the local public sector lose due to fraud in 2005?

A

£0.04 billion

44
Q

how much was the average loss for ticket fraud in the UK?

A

£80

45
Q

how much for average loss of pension fraud in UK?

A

£39,000

46
Q

psychological impact on fraud victims

A
  • anger
  • stress
  • upset
  • ridicule and embarrassment
  • stress resulting in eating disorder
  • suicidal thoughts
47
Q

romance fraud victims

A
  • causes stress in relationship due to financial impact
  • one partner has to keep it secret and eventually reveal it
  • family members become stressed and results in tension
48
Q

what other impacts does fraud have on victims?

A
  • damage to reputation
  • fear of violence
  • fear of arrest
  • rarely but some cases resulted in murder
49
Q

what is victim blaming in fraud?

A
  • strong discourse that attributes blame and responsibility towards victims of online fraud and believes they should be held accountable for their actions
50
Q

what is victim blaming in fraud?

A
  • strong discourse that attributes blame and responsibility towards victims of online fraud and believes they should be held accountable for their actions
51
Q

what is the stereotype of fraud victims?
what does it contradict?

A
  • greedy
  • gullible
  • uneducated
  • somewhat deserving of their victimisation
  • contradictions with the images of the ideal victim
52
Q

why is there underreporting of fraud?

A
  • police officers belief that fraud is a victimless crime
  • officers tendency to assume that there are only financial loss when actually there is the loss of relationship which can be graver
  • negative stereotype

o+v MCQs (12 decks)

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