crime type 1 - drugs and crime Flashcards
illicit drug markets account for what percentage of the GDP
0.2%
goldsteins tripartite framework consists of what 3 factors?
- economic compulsive e.g. shoplifting to support drug use
- psychopharmacological e.g. drug use may lead to aggression and violent crime
- systemic crime e.g. internal/ external and intermediate violence
what is meant by drug related crimes? list 3 different definitions
- all offences specified in the drugs legislation e.g. supply of illicit drugs
- offences that are caused directly by drug or alcohol use e.g. shopliftings
- offences that are indirectly associated with drug or alcohol misuse e.g. money laundering
home office definition for drug related crime
‘not only the offence of supply and possession of illegal drugs, but also other illegal activity directly or indirectly associated with drug misuse’
5 possible connections between drugs and crime
- drug use causes crime
- crime causes drug use
- reciprocal i.e. drug use causes crime and crime causes drug use
- common cause: drug use doesn’t cause crime and nor does crime cause drug use. they are both caused by a common variable
- coincidence
what is a spurious correlation?
refers to a connection between 2 variables that appear to be causal but is not
what are cryptomarkets?
cryptomarkets are an online marketplace designed to enable anonymous buying and selling of illegal goods and services
what are drug cryptomarkets?
drug cryptomarkets are internet sales platform that host multiple sellers or vendors of drugs for a commission on sales, in return providing marketplace users with anonymity via encrypted communications and payment
list 6 key features of drug cryptomarkets
- anonymisation services: Tor browser
- cryptocurrencies
- encrypted communication
- escrow service
- customer ratings and comments
- drugs delivered through postal services
define the anonymisation services (the Tor browser)
like chrome or safari but enables people to maintain their privacy and anonymity while on the internet
what are bitcoins?
- form of digital currency that uses blockchain technology to support peer-to-peer transactions between users on a decentralised network
- like a bank account but keeps track of whole currency rather than just individuals account
- resolves double spending problem
- no intermediaries
what is an escrow service?
- acts as a third party for online product sales
- buyer sends their payments to the escrow service which holds money until the product is received
- once product is delivered and verified, the online escrow service releases the funds to the seller
key innovations brought by cryptomarkets
- potential change in drug trafficking routes
- price and competition
- quality (ratings and comments)
- violence
- anonymity
what was the first cryptomarket?
who created it?
silk road
- created by ross william ulbricht
- went by the name ‘dead pirate roberts’
- arrested with life imprisonment for money laundering, computer hacking, conspiracy to trafficking narcotics, and procuring murder
second cryptomarket created
silk road 2.0
- was seized as part of operation onymous in nov 2014
- since then proliferation (rapid increase) of cryptomarkets
- darknet markets ecosystem
what percentage of stranger violence incidents does the victim describe the perpetrator as being under the influence of drugs?
16%
what percentage of arrestees in Washington DC tested positive for illicit drugs at time of arrest?
49%
what percentage of arrestees in Chicago tested positive for illicit drugs at the time of arrest?
89%
what is the largest drug market?
marijuana is the largest drug market with a retail price of $113 billion
where can the largest proportion of drug users be found in the world?
asia
- more than 60% of worlds amphetamine users
- more than half of opiate users reside there
which two countries are responsible since 1980s for 70-95% of the worlds opium supply?
Afghanistan
Myanmar
after 2001 to 2007 Afghanistan accounted up to what percent of the worlds heroin production
92%
- became increasingly concentrated
where is virtually all of coca bush concentrated in 3 andean countries
- columbia
- peru
- bolivia
which is the largest manufacturing for cocaine
columbia
- 600 metric tonnes in 2007
where is amphetamine mainly produced?
europe
- particularly the netherlands and poland
what is drug smuggling based on
a supply chain approach
which country is the main gateway for afghan heroin production to western european markets?
what route is transported on?
turkey
along the balkan route through turkey to western euorpean markets
what is the second major route for drug smuggling?
silk route
russian and eastern european markets via tajikistan and other central asia states
