crime type 8 - terrorism Flashcards
terrorism act 2000 definition
terrorism is the use of threat of action, both in and outisde of the uk, designed to influence any international government organisation or to intimidate the public
- it must also be for the purpose of advancing polticial, relgious, racial or ideological cause
fussey and richards claim there are 4 key differences between crime and terrorism, what are they?
- ideology
- symbolism
- process
- grievance
fussey and richards, ideology definition
ideology = motivated by allegiance to some ideology
fussey and richards, symbolism definition
symbolism = intended to communicate a message to certain audiences
fussey and richards process defintition
process = protracted and elaborate planning process
fussey and richards grievance definiton
grievance = shared sense of wrongdoing leading to conflict
how to remember fussey and richards 4 key differences in crime and terrorism
G - grievance
I - ideology
P - process
S - symbolism
wilkinson definition of terrorism
terrorism is the systematic use of coercive intimidation, usually to service political ends
it is used to create and exploit a climate of fear among a wider target group than the immediate victims of the violence and to publicise a cause
as well as to coerce a target to acceding to the terrorists aim
terrorism may be used on its own or as part of a wider unconventional war
is terrorism new?
no its not new at all
- before the 1960s most terrorist activites were fairly localised (within countries)
does terrorism link to globalisation ?
yes
- transportation
- communication
what developments in terrorism have contributed to a change in the nature and scale of terrorism?
globalisation of terrorism through transportation and communication
between 2011 and 2020 terrorist attacks killed how many people on average a year?
23,697
did 2018 or 2021 kill more people with terrorist attacks
2018
39,592 in 8,093 attacks
terrorism tends to be what type of focused?
geographically focused
which country has the highest amount of terrorism?
afghanistan
how many terrorist attacks in afghanistan in 2020
1722
is public concern for terrorism high?
yes
inmany places more than 50% say they are concerned about being a victim
what is new terrorism
many of todays terrorists want a lot of people watching and a lot of people dead
what is old terrorism
want a lot of people watching and listening and not a lot of people dead
what changes occured in the radical transformation of terrorism
motivation
means of perpetration
use of violence
ultimate outcomes
what is the current uk level of threat for terrorism
substantial
an attack is likely
how do you measure the threat of terrorism? 5 stages
- low
- moderate
- substantial
- severe
- critical
what does CBRN stand for
chemical
biological
radiological
nuclear
what weapons increased fear ?
CBRN:
chemical
biological
radiological
nuclear
use of suicide attacks
use of vehicles as weapons
where have there been increased attacks in the UK ?
cyberspace
how has the aim of terror attacks changed?
a key aim to cause mass casualties without warning
why is the identification of a terrorist offender blurred?
what are the labels
many different labels:
activist
freedom fighter
militant
guerilla soldier
how may the state play a role in the creation of terrorist organsiations?
through foreign policy
what types of victims are there?
direct
indirect
what types of terrorism are there?
ethno nationalist terrorism
ideological terrorism
religous-political terrorism
single issue terrorism
where ethno nationalist terrorism found?
- eta spain
where is ideological terrorism found?
- red brigade italy
where is religious polticial terrorism found?
hamas palestine
alquade and ISIS
what is single issue terrorism
environmentalism
abortion
animal rights
apply rational choice theory to terrorism
ideas about cost benefit analysis
terrorism is not pathological
even most extreme forms of behaviour follow internal strategic logic
what is game theory?
- there is a strategic two way bargaining relationship between terrorists and governments
- individual decision making is based on options available and a prediction of how others will act in a given situation
strengths of game theory?
- treats actions as interdependent - rather than seeing one side as passive
- operates within groups as well as between groups
- evidence suggests rationality by both parties which is key
- applicable to any kind of hostage negotiations or threats/ demands
- neither side has all information, so uncertainty and learning are key
what psychological traits cannot be explained (piven 2002)?
low self esteem
lack of empathy
paranoid tendencies
injured narcissism
pre occupation with power
demauase 2002 suggest that the root of terrorism lies in what?
extremely abusive families of terrorists
lyson and harbinson 1986 suggest terrorists are psychologically what?
healthy and stable
because terrorist activities requires logical thought calculation, meticulous planning, forward thinking
social psycholgical approaches are based on work around what?
intergroup behaviour
group membership involves a reflexive sense of ingroup favouritism vs outgroup
what does silke 2008 argue about how one comes to identify with terror groups? why do they commit their terrorist attacks?
terrorists see themselves as heroicially working for benefit of others
they are victims of outgroup aggression
what are skyes and matzas techiques of neutralisation ?
- appeal to higher loyalties - i was doing it to protect my community
- condemnation of the condemners - we are victimised by them
sociological research emphasies what leads to terrorism?
social conditions
durkheim and anomie argues what leads to terrorism
rapid social change
alienation
frustration
terrorism as acting out the pain of modernisation and social change
nassar 2004 says terrorism breeds in the gap between what?
expectations and achievements
that peaceful means to resolve anomic strain, terrrosim would not survive
is there agreement on what is meant by terrorism or terrorist?
no there is little agreement
does what counts as terrorism vary
yes it varies considerably
