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o+v MCQs > crime type 8 - terrorism > Flashcards

crime type 8 - terrorism Flashcards

1
Q

terrorism act 2000 definition

A

terrorism is the use of threat of action, both in and outisde of the uk, designed to influence any international government organisation or to intimidate the public
- it must also be for the purpose of advancing polticial, relgious, racial or ideological cause

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2
Q

fussey and richards claim there are 4 key differences between crime and terrorism, what are they?

A
  • ideology
  • symbolism
  • process
  • grievance
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3
Q

fussey and richards, ideology definition

A

ideology = motivated by allegiance to some ideology

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4
Q

fussey and richards, symbolism definition

A

symbolism = intended to communicate a message to certain audiences

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5
Q

fussey and richards process defintition

A

process = protracted and elaborate planning process

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6
Q

fussey and richards grievance definiton

A

grievance = shared sense of wrongdoing leading to conflict

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7
Q

how to remember fussey and richards 4 key differences in crime and terrorism

A

G - grievance
I - ideology
P - process
S - symbolism

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8
Q

wilkinson definition of terrorism

A

terrorism is the systematic use of coercive intimidation, usually to service political ends
it is used to create and exploit a climate of fear among a wider target group than the immediate victims of the violence and to publicise a cause
as well as to coerce a target to acceding to the terrorists aim
terrorism may be used on its own or as part of a wider unconventional war

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9
Q

is terrorism new?

A

no its not new at all
- before the 1960s most terrorist activites were fairly localised (within countries)

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10
Q

does terrorism link to globalisation ?

A

yes
- transportation
- communication

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11
Q

what developments in terrorism have contributed to a change in the nature and scale of terrorism?

A

globalisation of terrorism through transportation and communication

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12
Q

between 2011 and 2020 terrorist attacks killed how many people on average a year?

A

23,697

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13
Q

did 2018 or 2021 kill more people with terrorist attacks

A

2018
39,592 in 8,093 attacks

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14
Q

terrorism tends to be what type of focused?

A

geographically focused

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15
Q

which country has the highest amount of terrorism?

A

afghanistan

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16
Q

how many terrorist attacks in afghanistan in 2020

A

1722

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17
Q

is public concern for terrorism high?

A

yes
inmany places more than 50% say they are concerned about being a victim

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18
Q

what is new terrorism

A

many of todays terrorists want a lot of people watching and a lot of people dead

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19
Q

what is old terrorism

A

want a lot of people watching and listening and not a lot of people dead

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20
Q

what changes occured in the radical transformation of terrorism

A

motivation
means of perpetration
use of violence
ultimate outcomes

21
Q

what is the current uk level of threat for terrorism

A

substantial
an attack is likely

22
Q

how do you measure the threat of terrorism? 5 stages

A
  • low
  • moderate
  • substantial
  • severe
  • critical
23
Q

what does CBRN stand for

A

chemical
biological
radiological
nuclear

24
Q

what weapons increased fear ?

A

CBRN:
chemical
biological
radiological
nuclear
use of suicide attacks
use of vehicles as weapons

25
Q

where have there been increased attacks in the UK ?

A

cyberspace

26
Q

how has the aim of terror attacks changed?

A

a key aim to cause mass casualties without warning

27
Q

why is the identification of a terrorist offender blurred?
what are the labels

A

many different labels:
activist
freedom fighter
militant
guerilla soldier

28
Q

how may the state play a role in the creation of terrorist organsiations?

A

through foreign policy

29
Q

what types of victims are there?

A

direct
indirect

30
Q

what types of terrorism are there?

A

ethno nationalist terrorism
ideological terrorism
religous-political terrorism
single issue terrorism

31
Q

where ethno nationalist terrorism found?

A
  • eta spain
32
Q

where is ideological terrorism found?

A
  • red brigade italy
33
Q

where is religious polticial terrorism found?

A

hamas palestine
alquade and ISIS

34
Q

what is single issue terrorism

A

environmentalism
abortion
animal rights

35
Q

apply rational choice theory to terrorism

A

ideas about cost benefit analysis
terrorism is not pathological
even most extreme forms of behaviour follow internal strategic logic

36
Q

what is game theory?

A
  • there is a strategic two way bargaining relationship between terrorists and governments
  • individual decision making is based on options available and a prediction of how others will act in a given situation
37
Q

strengths of game theory?

A
  • treats actions as interdependent - rather than seeing one side as passive
  • operates within groups as well as between groups
  • evidence suggests rationality by both parties which is key
  • applicable to any kind of hostage negotiations or threats/ demands
  • neither side has all information, so uncertainty and learning are key
38
Q

what psychological traits cannot be explained (piven 2002)?

A

low self esteem
lack of empathy
paranoid tendencies
injured narcissism
pre occupation with power

39
Q

demauase 2002 suggest that the root of terrorism lies in what?

A

extremely abusive families of terrorists

40
Q

lyson and harbinson 1986 suggest terrorists are psychologically what?

A

healthy and stable
because terrorist activities requires logical thought calculation, meticulous planning, forward thinking

41
Q

social psycholgical approaches are based on work around what?

A

intergroup behaviour
group membership involves a reflexive sense of ingroup favouritism vs outgroup

42
Q

what does silke 2008 argue about how one comes to identify with terror groups? why do they commit their terrorist attacks?

A

terrorists see themselves as heroicially working for benefit of others
they are victims of outgroup aggression

43
Q

what are skyes and matzas techiques of neutralisation ?

A
  • appeal to higher loyalties - i was doing it to protect my community
  • condemnation of the condemners - we are victimised by them
44
Q

sociological research emphasies what leads to terrorism?

A

social conditions

45
Q

durkheim and anomie argues what leads to terrorism

A

rapid social change
alienation
frustration
terrorism as acting out the pain of modernisation and social change

46
Q

nassar 2004 says terrorism breeds in the gap between what?

A

expectations and achievements
that peaceful means to resolve anomic strain, terrrosim would not survive

47
Q

is there agreement on what is meant by terrorism or terrorist?

A

no there is little agreement

48
Q

does what counts as terrorism vary

A

yes it varies considerably

o+v MCQs (12 decks)

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