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o+v MCQs > crime type 6 - domestic violence > Flashcards

crime type 6 - domestic violence Flashcards

1
Q

what is intimate partner violence? What does it refer to
What does it cause?
what do these causes include?
what does it cover?

A
  • intimate partner violence refers to behaviours within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm
    including:
  • acts of physical aggression
  • sexual coercion
  • psychological abuse
  • controlling behaviours

this definition covers violence by both current and former spouses and partners

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2
Q

home office 2005a p7 defines domestic abuse and violence

A
  • any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality
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3
Q

home office 2013 p 2 defines DVA as
Aged .. or over
Who are or have been …
Regardless of…
This can encompass but not limited to following types of abuse :

A
  • any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercve or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality
  • this can encompass but is not limited to the following types of abuse: psychological, physcial, sexual, financial and emotional
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4
Q

what is coercive behaviour?

A

an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats, humiliation, and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish or frighten their victim

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5
Q

what is the current definition of DVA

A
  • violence and abuse between partners and ex partners and between other family members but most commonly refers to assaults occurring between people who are currently (or have previously been) involved in a sexual relationship (over the age of 16)
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6
Q

what can encompass all violence and abuse in the definition of DVA, list 5:

A
  • physical
  • sexual
  • psychological
  • financial
  • coercive control
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7
Q

legislation for DVA

A
  • DV is prosecuted as part of the CPS violence against Women and Girls strategy
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8
Q

What is the VAWG strategy?

A

CPS VAWG strategy is an overarching framework to address crimes that have been identified as being committed primarily but not exclusively by men against women

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9
Q

what crimes are included in the VAWG strategy?

A
  • domestic abuse
  • rape
  • sexual offences
  • stalking
  • harassment
  • so called honour based violence including :
    forced marriage
    female genital mutilation
    child abuse
    human trafficking
    focusing on sexual exploitation, prositiutition, pornography and obscenity
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10
Q

who does this CPS approach for VAWG target

A
  • used for ALL perpetrators and victims irrespective of gender
  • CPS determined to secure justice for all victims, and recently reaffirmed our commitment to male victims
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11
Q

what does s76 of the serious crime act 2015 state?

A
  • controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship
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12
Q

what does coercive behaviour in s76 of crime act 2015 do?

A
  • recognises patterns of behaviour and not just single incidents
    -CJ set up to deal with incidents and not patterns
    -now must respond and react to patterns of behaviour
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13
Q

what does the domestic abuse act 2021 state:

A

the act will: create a statutory definition of domestic abuse, emphasising that domestic abuse is not just physical violence but can also be emotional, controlling or coercive, and economic abuse.
it also establishes in law the office of domestic abuse commissioner and set out the commissioners functions and powers

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14
Q

features of intimate partner violence

A
  • behavioural
    -experiential
  • conceptual
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15
Q

behaviour intimate partner violence factors

A
  • physical assault
  • threats and intimidation
  • sexual abuse
  • restriction of money/ access to resources
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16
Q

what is cyber surveillance?

A
  • involves the use of connected devices or apps to monitor places and people
  • an abuser could use a computer, tablet or phone to hack their victims devices
  • the intention and desire are to monitor, harass, threaten, or harm the victim
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17
Q

technology abuse involves
what is it also termed?

A
  • texts
    -photos
    -videos
  • this is done without the victims consent and is also termed ‘revenge porn’
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18
Q

cyberstalking and online harassment

A

-use of the internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group or organisation

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19
Q

what is spoofing?

A
  • this can apply to emails, websites or phone calls
  • this is the act of disguising a communication from an unknown source as being from a known source
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20
Q

what is electronic surveillance

A

-use of cameras and other household devices

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21
Q

factors of technology abuse and coercive control

A

-cyber surveillance
- revenge porn
- cyberstalking and online harassment
- spoofing
- recording
- GPS monitoring
- electronic surveillance

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22
Q

why do perpetrators of abuse use technology

A

-technology used to create a sense of perpetrators omnipresence
- used to isolate, punish, humiliate domestic violence victims
- perpetrators also threaten to share sexualised content online to humiliate victims

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23
Q

define technology facilitated sexual violence

A

-refers to criminal, civil or otherwise harmful sexually aggressive and harassing behaviours that are perpetrated with the aid or use of communication technologies

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24
Q

define image based sexual abuse

A
  • the unauthorised creation and distribution of sexual images
    -and the creation and distribution (actual or threatened) of sexual assault images
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25
Q

define revenge pornography

A

-refers to the non-consensual sharing of sexual images with the explicit motivation of getting revenge on current or ex partners

26
Q

where is the law regarding revenge porn contained?

A

s33 of criminal justice and courts act 2015

27
Q

other types of image based sexual violence

A
  • sexploitation
    -sexual voyeurisum
28
Q

define sexploitation

A

-perpetrators of sextortion obtain sexually explicit images of a victim, which they threaten to distribute unless the victim sends more images
- this often occurs in the context of domestic violence where a perpetrator will use images to prevent someone from leaving a relationship or to engage in unwanted sexual acts

29
Q

define sexual voyeurism

A

obtaining nude or sexually explicit photos for voyeuristic reasons
victims often unaware that their images have been shared by others - upskirting

30
Q

what are the subjective consequences and understanding of what it is like to experience Intimate partner violence?

A
  • fear - men less likely to have high level of fear
  • psychological vulnerability - produced through belittling, intimidation, removing friendship networks
  • shame - being made to feel responsible for what is happening
31
Q

why are experiences of fear, shame and psychological vulnerability internalised far more in IPV?

A
  • due to the intimate relationship
32
Q

conceptual features of domestic violence that show the process of control and entrapment

A
  • pattern of behaviour = enduring condition
  • repeated behaviour
  • change over time
  • victim learns to comply and change their behaviour so physical violence doesn’t occur anymore
    -victim no longer in relationship but still experiencing DVA
33
Q

uk prevalence of DVA in crime survey for e and w

A

estimates from CSEW show that 5.7% of adults aged 16-59 years experienced domestic abuse in year ending march 2022
no significant change in march 2021 - 6.1%

34
Q

victims of DVA

A
  • gender = women more likely
    -in UK no difference in different ethnic groups
  • in US african american experience DVA more than white women
  • age = females aged 30-34
  • child may be victim through exposure or own involvement
35
Q

what data showed an increased risk of DVA during covid 19

A
  • ONS report mid may 2020 there was 12% increase in number of DVA referred to victim support
  • calls to london police increased during this time but mainly from third parties
  • charities such as womens aid highlighted increased risk of harm and isolation fro those affected by DVA during this time
36
Q

sum up DVA

A
  • DVA is an incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening, degrading and violent behaviour
  • including sexual violence, in the majority of cases by a partner or ex-partner, but also by family members or carer
  • it is very common
  • in the vast majority of cases it is experienced by women and is perpetrated by men (VAWG)
37
Q

is DVA a gender-neutral term?

A

yes
it compromises of
- male victims
- bisexual populations
- trans issues

38
Q

what 3 theories help explain DVA

A
  1. biological theories
  2. sociological theories
  3. feminist theories
39
Q

define biological theories for crime

A

biological explanations of crime assume that some people are born criminals who are physiologically distinct from non-criminals

40
Q

define sociological theories for crime

A

sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family
- focuses on social context and situations in which men and women live and where violence takes place

41
Q

define feminist theories for DVA

A

sees domestic abuse is a gendered crime which is deeply rooted in the societal inequality between men and women

42
Q

what is pathology of perpetrators of DVA?

A
  • Inadequate self control
    -sadism or psychopathology
  • abnormal personality traits (low frustration, tolerance, depression )
  • no causal link
43
Q

influence of alcohol and drug use on DVA

A
  • DVA perpetrators who used drugs more likely to inflict injuries, emotionally abuse their partners, and to escalate the frequency or severity of the domestic violence
44
Q

why can influence of alcohol and drug use on DVA not be an argument for all cases

A
  • not all intoxicated people commit DVA, and substance use alone cannot explain why or how these violent tendencies orginate
45
Q

arguments for DVA as a learned behaviour

A
  • the intergenerational transmission of violence or the cycle of violence
  • children witnessing DVA sees violence as an appropriate way to handle problems and resolve conflict
46
Q

criticism of DVA as a learned behaviour

A
  • not all children will grow up to become perpetrators/ victims
47
Q

what does social structural theories and feminist theories focus on

A
  • moves away from looking at individual cases of troubled perpetrators or conflict ridden families
  • focus on context, history and structural issues that contribute to the continued prevalence of DVA globally
48
Q

what do sociocultural explanations tend to argue with DVA

A
  • that DVA is a product of patriarchal or an aggressive society that facilitates and supports violence to resolve, conflict or control women
  • that DVA is a gendered crime, deeply rooted in societal inequality between men and women
    -DVA is a deeply embedded social problem and not a family matter
49
Q

what do feminist theories argue

A
  • VAWG: forces women to remain in a submissive state through use of psychological, physical, sexual and financial abuse as control tactic
  • violence used by men to control and retain power over their partners
50
Q

walker 1984 identified a constellation of psychological factors that she called

A

battered woman syndrome

51
Q

battered woman syndrome is

A
  • a product of long term, prolonged, and repeated exposure to DVA - cycle of abuse
  • considered a subcategory of PTSD
  • symptom: learned helplessness
52
Q

why is battered woman syndrome used

A
  • theory used when women have killed or attempted to kill their abusive partners
53
Q

what is battered woman syndrome more likely to result in and why

A
  • suicide
  • because number of women globally who have committed violent crimes is very small
54
Q

what is the cycle of violence

A
  1. tension building phase
  2. explosion: abusive act occurs
  3. honeymoon phase
55
Q

what is learned helplessness? martin seilgam definition

A
  • repeated exposure to bad situations creates negative perceptions and ones abilities to deal with such circumstances
  • was based on results from controlled experiments using dogs
56
Q

what is learned helplessness? walker definition

A

continuous and repeated abuse results in minimizing the abused woman’s motivations to respond and enforces passiveness

57
Q

criticism of learned helplessness

A

fails to acknowledge other factors such as: - social economic
-cultural reasons
-fear of retaliation
-inability to financially support herself and her children

58
Q

limitations of feminist theories

A
  • assumes all violence is one way (male to female)
  • assumes all violence warrants a state response
  • assumes all women want to leave rather than stay in their abusive relationship
  • with doctrine of male perpetrators and female victims it has contributed to the invisibility of all victims
  • not helpful when considering male or LGBTQ victims
  • gendered assumptions has implications on prevention of overall DV
59
Q

summary of DVA content

A
  • DVA is multifaceted - repeated, habitual use of intimidation to control partner/ ex partner
  • abuse can be: physical, psychological, financial, sexual ,emotional
  • DVA is an enduring condition- best understood as a pattern of incidents
  • DVA disproportionately affected women but is a non gendered term
60
Q

how to understand DVA

A

problem of people and to understand such a complex pervasive issue such as DV we need to know complete picture - encompassing all victims and perpetrators

o+v MCQs (12 decks)

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