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Food-Borne Pathogens > Vibrio > Flashcards

Vibrio Flashcards

1
Q

How many species of vibrio cause infection in humans

A

12

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2
Q

What 3 species of vibrio are most associated with illness in humans

A

V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. cholera

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3
Q

Most vibrio isolated in the each of the possibly pathogenic species are….

A

non-pathogenic

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4
Q

Where is vibrio predominantly found

A

Estuarine waters

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5
Q

What time of year do vibrio numbers in water spike

A

Summer

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6
Q

What vibrio species are NOT part of the natural microbiota of the water

A

V. cholerae O1 or O139

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7
Q

What temperature must a water supply go above for it be “vibrio season”

A

17C

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8
Q

How is V. parahaemolyticus serotypes

A

By its O and K antigen

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9
Q

What are vibrio infections linked to

A

Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood

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10
Q

What is a key feature of V. parahaemolyticus

A

It has a rapid generation time (8-9 minutes at 37C)

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11
Q

What protein in V. parahaemolyticus is needed for initial attachment to the host

A

MAM7 (binds fibronectin and phosphatidic acid)

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12
Q

What are the 3 siderophores of V. parahaemolyticus

A

Vibrioferrin, ferrichrome and aerobactin (also uses heme, all used to scavenge iron)

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13
Q

What are the 3 hemolytic toxins produced by V. parahaemolyticus

A

Thermoliable hemolysin (tlh)
Thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)
Thermostable direct-related haemolysin (trh)

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14
Q

What is the action of TDH and TRH

A

They form a tetrameric pore complex in the host membrane, leads to hemolysis of cytotoxicity

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15
Q

What are the effectors of the V. para T3SS1

A

VopQ, VopR, VopS and VPA0450

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16
Q

What are the effectors of V. para T3SS2

A

VopA, VopC, VopL and VopT

17
Q

What T3SS of V. para is more associated with the pathogenic lifestyle

18
Q

What do the effectors of T3SS2 in V. para cause?

A

Cytotoxicity of colon epithelial cells, or enterotoxicity within the host

19
Q

How is V. vulnificus divided

A

Into 3 biotypes based on biochemistry

20
Q

What are the 3 biotypes of V. vulnificus

A
  1. Causes disease in humans
  2. Causes disease in eels, rarely humans
  3. A hybrid of 1 and 2 (only found in isreal)
21
Q

What are the 2 V. vulnificus syndromes

A

Primary septicemia (from eating raw seafood) or necrotizing wound infection (open wound being exposed)

22
Q

V. vulnificus is only isolated from…

A

Warm waters

23
Q

What/when do V. vulnificus symptoms appear

A

7 hours, fever, chills, nausea and hypotension

24
Q

What are 3 virulence factors of V. vulnificus

A

The K antigen (capsule)
O antigen (LPS)
vvha

25
What symptoms of V. vulnificus infection are consistent with LPS induced endotoxic shock
High fever, systemic infection and shock
26
What is vvhA in V. vulnificus
A heat-stable haemolysin/cytotoxin that is unique to V. vulnificus
27
What is the main challenge in Vibrio outbreak source tracing
The most common PFGE patterns tend to drift over the course of an outbreak, indicating that multiple concurrent outbreaks may be occurring (also challenges single source introduction hypothesis)
28
What is the serotyping of V. cholerae based on
the LPS (O) antigen
29
What are the two strains of V. cholerae known to cause epidemics and pandemics
O1 and O139
30
What do V. cholera O1 and O139 produce
The cholera toxin (ctx)
31
What state do V. cholerae exist in
VBNC
32
Where does V. cholerae attach
The small intestine (using adherence factors)
33
What is the action of the ctx toxin
It disrupts ion transport in the small intestine and causes diarrhea
34
How does ctx cause acute diarrhea
Binds ganglioside receptors, internalized, produces cAMP, cAMP activates ion channels, efflux of ions out, build up of ions draws water out of the cells, causes diarrhea and dehydration
35
When does V. cholerae become competent
When it is grown in chitin (readily takes up DNA from the environment)
36
What genes readily move between V. para genomes
tdh and trh
37
Ways to prevent vibrio infection
Keep cold, cooking, irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure
38
What prevention method does not work on vibrio
Depuration (filter-feeding bivalves are purified by pumping through clean water)

Food-Borne Pathogens (14 decks)

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