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Food-Borne Pathogens > Vibrio > Flashcards

Vibrio Flashcards

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1
Q

How many species of vibrio cause infection in humans

A

12

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2
Q

What 3 species of vibrio are most associated with illness in humans

A

V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. cholera

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3
Q

Most vibrio isolated in the each of the possibly pathogenic species are….

A

non-pathogenic

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4
Q

Where is vibrio predominantly found

A

Estuarine waters

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5
Q

What time of year do vibrio numbers in water spike

A

Summer

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6
Q

What vibrio species are NOT part of the natural microbiota of the water

A

V. cholerae O1 or O139

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7
Q

What temperature must a water supply go above for it be “vibrio season”

A

17C

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8
Q

How is V. parahaemolyticus serotypes

A

By its O and K antigen

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9
Q

What are vibrio infections linked to

A

Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood

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10
Q

What is a key feature of V. parahaemolyticus

A

It has a rapid generation time (8-9 minutes at 37C)

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11
Q

What protein in V. parahaemolyticus is needed for initial attachment to the host

A

MAM7 (binds fibronectin and phosphatidic acid)

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12
Q

What are the 3 siderophores of V. parahaemolyticus

A

Vibrioferrin, ferrichrome and aerobactin (also uses heme, all used to scavenge iron)

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13
Q

What are the 3 hemolytic toxins produced by V. parahaemolyticus

A

Thermoliable hemolysin (tlh)
Thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)
Thermostable direct-related haemolysin (trh)

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14
Q

What is the action of TDH and TRH

A

They form a tetrameric pore complex in the host membrane, leads to hemolysis of cytotoxicity

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15
Q

What are the effectors of the V. para T3SS1

A

VopQ, VopR, VopS and VPA0450

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16
Q

What are the effectors of V. para T3SS2

A

VopA, VopC, VopL and VopT

17
Q

What T3SS of V. para is more associated with the pathogenic lifestyle

A

T3SS2

18
Q

What do the effectors of T3SS2 in V. para cause?

A

Cytotoxicity of colon epithelial cells, or enterotoxicity within the host

19
Q

How is V. vulnificus divided

A

Into 3 biotypes based on biochemistry

20
Q

What are the 3 biotypes of V. vulnificus

A
  1. Causes disease in humans
  2. Causes disease in eels, rarely humans
  3. A hybrid of 1 and 2 (only found in isreal)
21
Q

What are the 2 V. vulnificus syndromes

A

Primary septicemia (from eating raw seafood) or necrotizing wound infection (open wound being exposed)

22
Q

V. vulnificus is only isolated from…

A

Warm waters

23
Q

What/when do V. vulnificus symptoms appear

A

7 hours, fever, chills, nausea and hypotension

24
Q

What are 3 virulence factors of V. vulnificus

A

The K antigen (capsule)
O antigen (LPS)
vvha

25
Q

What symptoms of V. vulnificus infection are consistent with LPS induced endotoxic shock

A

High fever, systemic infection and shock

26
Q

What is vvhA in V. vulnificus

A

A heat-stable haemolysin/cytotoxin that is unique to V. vulnificus

27
Q

What is the main challenge in Vibrio outbreak source tracing

A

The most common PFGE patterns tend to drift over the course of an outbreak, indicating that multiple concurrent outbreaks may be occurring (also challenges single source introduction hypothesis)

28
Q

What is the serotyping of V. cholerae based on

A

the LPS (O) antigen

29
Q

What are the two strains of V. cholerae known to cause epidemics and pandemics

A

O1 and O139

30
Q

What do V. cholera O1 and O139 produce

A

The cholera toxin (ctx)

31
Q

What state do V. cholerae exist in

A

VBNC

32
Q

Where does V. cholerae attach

A

The small intestine (using adherence factors)

33
Q

What is the action of the ctx toxin

A

It disrupts ion transport in the small intestine and causes diarrhea

34
Q

How does ctx cause acute diarrhea

A

Binds ganglioside receptors, internalized, produces cAMP, cAMP activates ion channels, efflux of ions out, build up of ions draws water out of the cells, causes diarrhea and dehydration

35
Q

When does V. cholerae become competent

A

When it is grown in chitin (readily takes up DNA from the environment)

36
Q

What genes readily move between V. para genomes

A

tdh and trh

37
Q

Ways to prevent vibrio infection

A

Keep cold, cooking, irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

What prevention method does not work on vibrio

A

Depuration (filter-feeding bivalves are purified by pumping through clean water)

Food-Borne Pathogens (14 decks)

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