vfm Flashcards
1.1.1 What is the most common fuel in the US? (p.6)
Gasoline
1.1.2 What types of vehicles use Gasoline? (p.6)
Cars - SUVs - Light Trucks - Motocycles - RVs - Boats - Small aircraft
1.1.3 What is the difference between unleaded and leaded gasoline? (p.7)
Charles Kettering ‘s resolve for silicening the “knocking” was to add Tetraethyl lead to fuel.
- Manufacturers met the new lead-free and emission restrictions by incorporating catalytic converters in automobiles
1.1.4 What seasonal cycles do the demand for gasoline follow? (p.7)
Demand is lower in colder months
1.1.5 What process is used to refine crude oil? (p.8)
Simple Distillation - mixture of hydrocarbons; so this first and most basic refining process is aimed at separating the crude oil into its “fractions,”
1.1.6 When is gasoline recovered during the refining process? (p.8)
The lighter products, such as liquid petroleum gases (LPG) and so-called “straight run” gasoline, are recovered at the lowest temperature
1.1.7 What is downstream distillation? (p.8)
downstream (or closer to the refinery gate and the consumer
Breaking it down further
1.1.8 Why are additives used in Gasoline? (p.9)
- Added as an attempt to increase octane rating. octane ratings are numerical values of the fuel’s resistance to vehicle engine “knock”
- Inhibit corrosion
- Librication
- Increase compression ratios
1.1.9 What are the main additives used in Gasoline? (p.9)
• Oxygenates: Fuels infused with oxygen that reduce carbon monoxide emissions. They are either based on alcohol or ether.
• Antioxidants: Used as a fuel stabilizer to prevent oxidation.
• Antiknock agents: Reduces engine knocking and increases fuel octane rating.
• Fuel Dyes: Some countries dye fuel that is taxed at a lower rate to monitor unauthorized use. Untaxed fuels are colored (usually blue, red or yellow) while taxed fuels are clear
• Metal deactivators: Fuel and lubricant additives used to stabilize fuel by deactivating metal ions and inhibiting the formation of gummy residues. This compound has been approved for both military and commercial use.
• Corrosion inhibitors: Chemical compounds that slow corrosion.
• Stabilizers: Used to maintain the quality of gasoline during idle periods. Stabilizers delay the oxidation process and prevent the separation of heavier and lighter compounds contained within gasoline.
1.1.10 What are the most common vehicle emissions caused by gasoline? (p.10
• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Particulate Matter (PM10/2.5)
1.2.1 What are the uses of diesel fuel? (p.10-11)
Diesel engines in trucks, trains, boats, and barges help transport nearly all the products people consume
1.2.2 What is Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel? (p.11)
- From EPA and Environment Canada
- A Specially refined diesel fuel that has a dramatically lower sulfur content than regular on-highway diesel and can be used in any diesel engine just like regular diesel fuel
1.2.3 Why is USLD valuable in North America? (p. 11)
Its worth more in the United States, where the maximum allowable sulfur is 0.05 percent by weight, than in Africa, where the maximum can be 10 to 20 times higher.
1.2.4 At which point is diesel recovered in the distillation process? (p. 11-12)
Gasoline is at lower Temps; Diesel is recovered at higher temp (356-716 degrees F) and is considered Middle Distilate, like Jet Fuel and Kerosene)
1.2.5 What is cetane and how is it measured? (p.12)
- Similar to Gas fuels being rated in Octane numbers, Diesel is measured by it’s cetane content.
- Cetane is a colorless gas that requires a low amount of heat to ignite.
- the higher this number, the higher the quality of the diesel fuel
1.2.6 Why is water a concern in diesel fuel? (p. 12)
Algae, Microbes and Water Contamination
1.2.7 What can happen to diesel fuel and the equipment that it is used in if there is a microbial contamination in the fuel? (p. 12)
- Diesel fuel is food for microbes, so when there is free water in a diesel tank, microbes have all the resources they need to multiply into a microbial colony
- These colonies can consume up to 1% of your fuel investment, while destroying the rest.
- Warm temp accelorates growth
1.2.8 Why are additives used in diesel fuel? (p.13)
• Increase mileage
• Clean injectors and engine deposits
• Remove water
• Increase cetane rating
• Lubricate the top cylinder
• Stabilize fuel
1.2.9 What terms are used to characterize the cold flow properties of diesel fuel? (p.13-14)
- The low temperature operability, of petroleum-based diesel fuel
- Low Temp Operability is characterized by the cloud point, and the Cold Fulter Plugging Point (CFPP)
1.2.10 What is the cloud point of a diesel fuel? (p.14)
Temperature at which small solid crystals are first visually observed as the fuel is cooled
1.2.11 What is the cold filter plugging point? (p.14)
Temperature at which a fuel will cause a fuel filter to plug, due to fuel components which have begun to crystallize or gel
1.2.12 How is diesel fuel kept warm in most modern engines? (p.14)
Excess Fuel to Engine - - warm fuel that has come close to engine is recycled back through the tank.
1.2.13 What are the leading options to treat diesel in the cold weather? (p.14)
- Blend with Kerosene
- Additive w/ cold Flow properties
- Fuel Tank, Filter, line heaters
- Store indoors when not in use
1.2.14 How can you find certified retrofitted technologies to reduce diesel emissions?(p.15)
Retrofit technologies are evaluated by EPA and CARB and verified technology lists are maintained by eachprogram
1.2.15 What vehicle emissions are listed by the DOE and EPA as problems? (p. 15)
Particulate Matter - NO - Hydrocarbins - CM - CD
1.2.16 What are the effects of the problematic emissions? (p. 16)
ll of these, except carbon dioxide, are directly harmful to humans and contribute directly to climate change
1.2.17 What is Particulate emission and why is it controlled? (p. 16)
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1.2.18 What is ozone and what are the health risks associated with it? (p. 16)
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1.2.19 What are some other problems associated with vehicle emissions? (p.17)
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1.2.20 What are the two types of national ambient air quality standards? (p.17)
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1.2.21 What might US states in non-attainment areas for ground level ozone have to do?(p.17)
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1.3.1 Define alternative fuels. (p.18)
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1.3.2 What is the main purpose of fuel? (p.19)
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1.3.3 What is the major environmental concern according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change? (p.19)
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1.3.4 Describe the peak oil theory concern (p.19)
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1.3.5 What are sustainable alternative fuels? (p.19)
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1.3.6 Why would non-sustainable alternative fuels be used. (p.19)
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1.3.7 What is Biomass? (p.19)
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1.3.8 What is Non-Conventional Oil? (p.20)
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1.3.9 What are the sources of Non-Traditional Oil? (p.20)
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1.3.10 What is the Fischer-Tropsch process? (p.20)
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1.3.11 What is Methane Hydrate? (p.20)
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1.3.12 How can methanol and ethanol be used as energy sources? (p.21)
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1.3.13 What are the alternative fuels being considered to power todays fleet vehicles?(p.21
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1.4.1 What is Biodiesel? (p.21)
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1.4.2 How can Biodiesel be used? (p.21)
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1.4.3 How is Biodiesel made? (p.21-22)
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1.4.4 How might an organization adopt biodiesel for purposes such as federal or state statute? (p.22)
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1.4.5 Why use Biodiesel? (p.22)
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1.5.1 Are renewable diesel and Biodiesel similar? (p.22)
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1.5.2 What is renewable diesel? (p. 23)
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1.5.3 How is renewable diesel made? (p. 23)
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1.5.4 What are the benefits of renewable diesel? (p.23)
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1.5.5 How might the use of renewable diesel be able to impact carbon emissions?(p.23)
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1.6.1 What is Ethanol? (p.23)
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1.6.2 How can ethanol be used as a fuel? (p. 23)
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1.6.3 What is E10? (p.23)
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1.6.4 What is E85? (p.24)
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1.6.5 Are all vehicles ethanol compatible? (p.24)
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1.6.6 What is the ultimate blend level of ethanol? (p.24)
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1.6.7 What is cellulosic ethanol? (p.24)
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1.7.1 What is an electric vehicle? (p.24)
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1.7.2 What sources might the energy used to power the vehicle come from? (p.24-25)
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1.7.3 What sources of energy could hybrid electric vehicles use? (p. 25)
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1.8.1 What is a hybrid electric vehicle? (p. 25)
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1.8.2 What are some of the considerations when looking at hybrid fuel sources? (p.25)
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1.8.3 How does a gasoline electric hybrid function? (p.25)
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1.9.1 What is a hydrogen vehicle? (p. 26)
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1.9.2 What are the two broad categories of hydrogen fueled vehicles? (p. 26)
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1.9.3 What is the source of the fuel? (p. 26)
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1.9.4 What are the benefits of using hydrogen as a fuel? (p.26)
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1.9.5 How does a fuel cell function? (p.27)
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1.9.6 What are the most significant issues involved in using hydrogen as a fuel source? (p.27)
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1.9.7 What are some of the issues with storing hydrogen? (p.28)
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1.9.8 What are the temperature concerns with hydrogen powered vehicles? (p.28)
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1.9.9 What are some of the current limitations of hydrogen powered vehicles? (p.28)
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1.9.10 What are some of the safety concerns involving the use of hydrogen as a fuel? (p.28)
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1.9.11 How has the competition from other fuel sources affected the adoption of hydrogen as a fuel source? (p.29)
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1.10.1 How can natural gas be used to decrease our dependence on foreign oil? (p.30)
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1.10.2 How might the use of natural gas-powered vehicles reduce vehicle exhaust emissions? (p.30)
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1.10.3 Why is natural gas the lowest producer of greenhouse gasses out of all of the fossil fuels? (p.31)
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1.10.4 What are the safety benefits of using natural gas as a fuel? (p.31)
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1.10.5 How common are natural gas vehicles and their refueling infrastructure? (p.31)
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1.10.6 How expensive is natural gas as fuel? (p.31)
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1.11 Propane (p.32)
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1.11.1 Is propane an alternative fuel? (p.32)
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1.11.2 What is a bi-fuel propane vehicle? (p.32)
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1.11.3 How do propane powered vehicles handle in comparison to gasoline powered vehicles? (p.32)
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1.11.4 How expensive is it to maintain a propane vehicle? (p.32)
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1.11.5 What are some of the other benefits of propane powered vehicles? (p.32)
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1.12 Reformulated Gasoline (p.32)
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1.12.1 Why is RFG used? (p.32)
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1.12.2 Is RFG an alternative fuel? (p.33)
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1.12.3 How common is the use of RFG? (p.33)
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1.13 Petroleum reduction calculators (p.33)
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1.13.1 What tools are available to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (p.33)
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1.13.2 What tools can be used to help calculate greenhouse gas emissions in Canada? (p.33)
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1.14 Oil markets and their influence on pricing (p.33)
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1.14.1 Why is it important to understand the dynamics of fuel supply and demand? (p.33)
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1.14.2 Why is oil imported? (p.34)
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1.14.3 What are some concerns of our growing appetite for oil? (p.34)
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1.14.4 Have the Energy Policy Acts of 1992 or 2005 achieved their goals of reducing the importation of foreign oil? (p.36)
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1.14.5 How does OPEC influence oil supply? (p.36)
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1.14.6 What is the benchmark price for crude oil on the New York Mercantile Exchange? (p.37)
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1.14.7 How can market speculation affect the price of crude oil? (p.37)
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1.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserves (p.38)
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1.15.1 What is the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve? (p.38)
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1.15.2 How much oil is stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve? (p.38)
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1.15.3 How much oil is consumed in Canada vs. the US? (p.39)
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1.15.4 How much oil is imported in Canada vs. the US? (p.39)
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1.15.5 How much oil is refined in Canada vs. the US? (p.39)
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1.15.6 What is the North American Pipeline System? (p.39-40)
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1.16 The price of a gallon of gas (p.40)
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1.16.1 What three elements make up the price of gasoline? (p.40)
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1.16.2 What is the methodology for assigning the costs of the fuel to its pump price? (p.41)
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1.17 Fuel contracts/hedging (p.42)
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1.17.1 What is fuel hedging? (p.42)
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1.17.2 What would happen if a company were to purchase a fuel swap and the price of fuel were to decline? (p.42)
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1.17.3 What is a fuel call option? (p.42)
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2.1.1 Why might an organization consider an in-house fueling system? (p.45)
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2.1.2 What issues might be caused by water contamination in a fueling system? (p.45)
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2.1.3 How will residual water in a storage tank affect gasoline blended with ethanol? (p.45)
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2.1.4 How can you test for residual water in a fuel storage tank? (p.45)
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2.1.5 What types of biological contamination are found in diesel fuel? (p.46)
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2.1.6 What are suitable conditions for the reproduction of microbes in diesel fuel? (p.46)
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2.2 Underground Storage Tanks (p.46)
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2.2.1 What is an underground storage tank? (p.46)
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2.2.2 What types of storage tanks are not regulated by the EPA? (p.47)
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2.2.3 What three things did the EPA mandate that fuel storage tanks be designed with or upgraded with. (p.47)
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2.2.4 How does the EPA allow local governments to manage UST regulation? (p.47)
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2.2.5 Where can you find more information on American and Canadian UST regulations? (p.48)
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2.2.6 What responsibilities do the owners of underground storage tanks have? (p.48)
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2.2.7 What are the environmental impacts of faulty or leaking underground fuel systems? (p.48)
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2.3.1 What is required to replace an existing UST with an AST? (p.48)
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2.3.2 What might be required for AST’s to meet local state/province requirements? (p.48)
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2.3.3 What are some of the safety issues regarding above ground storage tanks? (p.49)
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2.3.4 What are the environmental concerns of AST’s? (p.49)
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2.3.6 What are the best leak detection methods? (p.49)
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2.3.7 What are the best release prevention methods? (p.49-50)
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2.3.8 What is subject to The Spill, Control and Countermeasure regulation (SPCC)? (P.50)
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2.3.9 What steps can fleet managers take to prevent oil spills? (p.50)
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2.3.10 What should an SPCC plan address? (p.50-51)
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2.3.11 What are the inspection requirements of the SPCC? (p.51)
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2.4.1 What is wet hose fueling? (p.51)
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2.4.2 What is the wet hose fueling process? (p.51-52)
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2.4.3 What are the advantages of wet hose fueling? (p.52)
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2.4.4 What are the disadvantages of wet hose fueling? (p. 52)
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2.4.5 What are alternatives to wet hose fueling? (p.53)
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2.5.1 How can fuel cards help to manage decentralized fleets? (p.53)
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2.5.2 What is a corporate T&E card? (p.53-54)
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2.5.3 What level of data is available from a corporate T&E card? (p.54)
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2.5.4 What is a universal/co-branded card? (p.54)
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2.5.5 What data is available from universal/co-branded cards? (p.54-55)
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2.5.6 How can universal fuel cards aid a fleet manager or fleet management company to manage their fuel program? (p.55)
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2.5.7 What are the common features offered by fleet fuel card providers? (p.55-56)
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2.5.8 What are company branded fuel cards? (p.56)
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2.5.9 What data and controls are available for company branded cards? (p.56-57)
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2.5.10 What is a private site card? (p.57)
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2.5.11 What methods incentivize fleets to use a certain type of card? (p.57)
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2.5.12 What types of information can fleet managers access online? (p.58)
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2.5.13 How is fuel data used for maintenance purposes? (p.58)
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2.5.14 How can data be used to monitor driver behavior? (p.59)
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2.5.15 What controls are available to managers? (p.59)
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2.6.1 What points should be kept in mind when developing an emergency response plan? (p.60)
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2.6.2 What are some of the emergencies that should be considered in the plan? (p.60)
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2.6.3 What does emergency plan survivability refer to? (p.60)
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2.6.4 What is emergency plan adaptability? (p.60)
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2.6.5 What does fleet emergency plan sustainability refer to? (p.61)
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2.6.6 Write an Emergency Operations Manual (p.61)
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2.6.7 What roles does regular service and following a pm schedule play in emergency planning and emergency operations? (p.61)
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2.6.8 Why are extra security precautions recommended during a time of emergency? (p.61)
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2.6.9 What should be included in your emergency operations manual? (p.61-62)
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2.6.10 What elements are present in a good Emergency Response Plan? (p.62)
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2.6.11 What should your Emergency Response Plan address? (p.62)
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2.6.12 How should the Emergency Response Plan be communicated to staff? (p.63)
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2.6.13 What additional training opportunities are available? (p.63)
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2.6.14 What are some considerations when developing a 24-hour emergency operations staffing plan? (p.64)
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2.6.15 What are your lines of supply and how can they be safeguarded during an emergency situation? (p.64-65)
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2.6.16 What risk mitigation strategies should be employed during an emergency? (p.65)
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2.6.17 How can a fleet manager protect their fuel supply during an emergency situation? (p.65)
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2.6.18 What emergency maintenance considerations should you have if you have an outsourced maintenance operation? (p.65-66)
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2.6.19 What emergency maintenance considerations should you have if you have an in-sourced maintenance operation? (p.66)
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2.6.20 What security risks should be planned against? (p.66-67)
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2.6.21 What lines of communication might be needed in an emergency situation? (p.67)
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2.6.22 What is the Incident Command System and why might is be critical to understand it? (p.67)
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2.6.23 Why should fleet managers be wary of over committing resources or committing them in haste? (p.67)
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2.6.24 What should you consider adding in your contract with vendors before an emergency? (p.68)
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4.1.1 What are alternative fuel vehicles? (p.88)
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4.1.2 What are Hybrid-Electric vehicles? (p.88)
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4.1.3 What advanced technologies do hybrid-electric vehicles use? (p.88)
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4.1.4 What is a “Mild” Hybrid vehicle? (p.88)
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4.1.5 How do hybrid electric drive systems function? (p.89)
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4.1.6 What is a Full Hybrid? (p.89)
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4.1.7 What is a Series Hybrid vehicle? (p.89)
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4.1.8 In what conditions does a Series Hybrid perform optimally? (p.90)
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4.1.9 What is a Parallel Hybrid vehicle? (p.90)
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4.1.10 How can a Parallel Hybrid system serve as an AWD system? (p.91)
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4.1.11 What is a Series/Parallel Hybrid system? (p.91)
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4.1.12 What is a two mode Hybrid system? (p.93)
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4.1.13 How can Hybrid technologies help to operate a power take off shaft without the use of an internal combustion engine? (p.93)
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4.1.14 What types of fuel reductions were seen in the Hybrid International Truck and Engine utility vehicles that were tested as part of the HTUF pilot program? (p.93-94
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4.1.15 What is the difference between an Electric Vehicle and a Hybrid Vehicle? (p.94)
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4.1.16 How can natural gas be used by fleet managers as a fuel? (p.94-95)
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4.1.17 What are the advantages of using Natural Gas as a fuel? (p.95)
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4.1.18 What is a Flex-Fuel vehicle? (p.95)
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4.1.19 How is Ethanol used as a fuel for vehicles? (p.95)
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4.1.20 What are some of the drawbacks of using Ethanol as a fuel? (p.95)
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4.2.1 What program was enacted by the EPA and Department od transportation’s National Traffic Safety Administration in 2016 to reduce greenhouse gasses? 96
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4.2.2 How much might these standards reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)?
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4.2.3 What are the projected results of the standards? (p.96)
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4.2.4 What are two intertwined and critically important needs of the US? (p.97)
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4.2.5 How can the government help to reduce our dependence on foreign oil? (p.97)
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4.2.6 How does the transportation industry contribute to greenhouse gas emissions? (p.97)
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4.2.7 What are the benefits of the proposed HD National Program? (p.97-98)
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4.2.8 What are the costs of the proposed HD National Program? (p.97)
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4.2.9 What are the three main regulatory categories of the HD National Program proposed by the EPA and the NHTSA? (p.98)
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4.2.10 What types of vehicles are included in the proposal? (p.98)
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4.2.11 Are trailers with engines covered by the proposal? (p.98)
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4.2.12 How are the EPA and NHTSA collaborating in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (p.98)
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4.2.13 What are the proposed standards for N2O and CH4 emissions? (p.99)
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4.2.14 How do air conditioning systems contribute to GHG emissions? (p.99)
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4.2.15 How does the proposed HD National Program provide flexibility to manufacturers to comply? (p.99)
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4.2.16 What additional credit opportunities are available in the proposed HD National Program? (p.100)
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4.2.17 What vehicles are covered in the proposed standards? (p.100)
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4.2.18 What two metrics are proposed in the standard? (p.100)
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4.2.19 How did the SmartWay Transportation Partnership contribute to the HD National Program? (p.100)
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4.2.20 How are the proposed corporate average standards for Heavy-Duty pickup trucks and vans determined? (p.101-102)
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4.2.21 What are Vocational Vehicles? (p.102)
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4.2.22 How will the proposed standards regulate them? (p.102)
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4.3.1 What is Variable Valve Timing? (p.103)
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4.3.2 What is Active Fuel Management? (p. 103)
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4.3.3 What is the Atkinson Cycle engine and how might its implementation help improve fuel economy? (p. 104)
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4.3.4 What is a Partial Zero Emission Vehicle? (p. 105)
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4.3.5 What is Electronic Fuel Injection? (p.105-106)
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4.3.6 How can Electronic Fuel Injection help improve fuel efficiency? (p. 106)
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4.3.7 How can Exhaust Systems help reduce emissions? (p. 106)
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4.4.1 What are the differences between direct and indirect injection? (p.107)
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4.4.2 What is Exhaust Gas Recirculation? (p.107)
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4.4.3 What is the history of vehicles that have used EGR? (p.108)
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4.4.4 How can EGR be used in conjunction with other technologies to reduce GHG’s? (p.108)
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4.4.5 What is a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)? (p.109)
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4.4.6 How effective can DPF’s be at reducing emissions? (p.109)
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4.4.7 What is Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)? (p.109)
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4.4.8 How can SCR reduce emissions? (p.109-110)
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4.4.9 What is the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)? (p.110)
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4.4.10 What sort of Certification and Compliance testing does the NVFEL perform on Light – Medium Duty Engines? (p.110-111)
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4.4.11 What system is being used by NVFEL in order to analyze different engine and transmission combinations in order to predict their emissions? (p.111)
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4.4.12 What tests does the NVFEL perform on Heavy Duty Engines? (p.112)
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4.5.1 What is Natural Gas? What two forms are used as fuel for vehicles? (p.113)
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4.5.2 What is the difference between a Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicle and a Bi-Fuel Natural Gas Vehicle? (p.113)
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4.5.3 What are the advantages of Natural Gas-Powered Vehicle’s? (p.113)
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4.5.4 How available is the technology today? (p.113)
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4.6.1 How common are Propane powered vehicles? (p.114)
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4.6.2 What is the power of a Propane powered vehicle in comparison to a Gasoline powered vehicle? (p.114)
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4.6.3 How costly are propane powered vehicles to maintain? (p.114)
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4.6.4 How do Propane powered vehicles work? (p. 114)
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4.6.5 How can Propane powered vehicles be acquired? (p.114-115)
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4.7.1 What are the benefits of reducing the duration of engine idling? (p.115-116)
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4.7.2 What are the two ways of reducing idling? (p.116)
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4.7.3 What is an Auxiliary Power Unit? (p.116)
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4.7.4 How can a Cab Heating system reduce fuel consumption? (p.116)
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4.7.5 What is a coolant heater? (p.116)
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4.7.6 How can an energy recovery system help heat a transport cab? (p.117)
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4.7.7 How do Thermal Energy Storage Systems Function (TES)? (p.117)
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4.7.8 What are the three types of TES systems? (p.117)
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4.7.9 What is the difference between a centralized and distributed systems? (p.118)
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4.7.10 What does a TES systems economic performance depend on? (p.118)
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4.7.11 What TES storage mediums available? (p.118)
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4.7.12 What are the costs and performance of available TES systems? (p.119)
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4.7.13 What are some barriers to market entry that TES systems face? (p.119)
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4.7.14 What technologies might be replaced by TES systems? (p.119)
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4.7.15 How can Electrified Parking Spaces reduce emissions and benefit truck operators? (p.120)
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4.7.16 What is Single-System Electrification? (p.120)
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4.7.17 What is a Dual-System Electrification? (p.120)
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