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CAFM Certification > vfm > Flashcards

vfm Flashcards

1
Q

1.1.1 What is the most common fuel in the US? (p.6)

A

Gasoline

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2
Q

1.1.2 What types of vehicles use Gasoline? (p.6)

A

Cars - SUVs - Light Trucks - Motocycles - RVs - Boats - Small aircraft

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3
Q

1.1.3 What is the difference between unleaded and leaded gasoline? (p.7)

A

Charles Kettering ‘s resolve for silicening the “knocking” was to add Tetraethyl lead to fuel.
- Manufacturers met the new lead-free and emission restrictions by incorporating catalytic converters in automobiles

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4
Q

1.1.4 What seasonal cycles do the demand for gasoline follow? (p.7)

A

Demand is lower in colder months

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5
Q

1.1.5 What process is used to refine crude oil? (p.8)

A

Simple Distillation - mixture of hydrocarbons; so this first and most basic refining process is aimed at separating the crude oil into its “fractions,”

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6
Q

1.1.6 When is gasoline recovered during the refining process? (p.8)

A

The lighter products, such as liquid petroleum gases (LPG) and so-called “straight run” gasoline, are recovered at the lowest temperature

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7
Q

1.1.7 What is downstream distillation? (p.8)

A

downstream (or closer to the refinery gate and the consumer
Breaking it down further

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8
Q

1.1.8 Why are additives used in Gasoline? (p.9)

A
  1. Added as an attempt to increase octane rating. octane ratings are numerical values of the fuel’s resistance to vehicle engine “knock”
  2. Inhibit corrosion
  3. Librication
  4. Increase compression ratios
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9
Q

1.1.9 What are the main additives used in Gasoline? (p.9)

A

• Oxygenates: Fuels infused with oxygen that reduce carbon monoxide emissions. They are either based on alcohol or ether.
• Antioxidants: Used as a fuel stabilizer to prevent oxidation.
• Antiknock agents: Reduces engine knocking and increases fuel octane rating.
• Fuel Dyes: Some countries dye fuel that is taxed at a lower rate to monitor unauthorized use. Untaxed fuels are colored (usually blue, red or yellow) while taxed fuels are clear
• Metal deactivators: Fuel and lubricant additives used to stabilize fuel by deactivating metal ions and inhibiting the formation of gummy residues. This compound has been approved for both military and commercial use.
• Corrosion inhibitors: Chemical compounds that slow corrosion.
• Stabilizers: Used to maintain the quality of gasoline during idle periods. Stabilizers delay the oxidation process and prevent the separation of heavier and lighter compounds contained within gasoline.

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10
Q

1.1.10 What are the most common vehicle emissions caused by gasoline? (p.10

A

• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Particulate Matter (PM10/2.5)

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11
Q

1.2.1 What are the uses of diesel fuel? (p.10-11)

A

Diesel engines in trucks, trains, boats, and barges help transport nearly all the products people consume

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12
Q

1.2.2 What is Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel? (p.11)

A
  1. From EPA and Environment Canada
  2. A Specially refined diesel fuel that has a dramatically lower sulfur content than regular on-highway diesel and can be used in any diesel engine just like regular diesel fuel
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13
Q

1.2.3 Why is USLD valuable in North America? (p. 11)

A

Its worth more in the United States, where the maximum allowable sulfur is 0.05 percent by weight, than in Africa, where the maximum can be 10 to 20 times higher.

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14
Q

1.2.4 At which point is diesel recovered in the distillation process? (p. 11-12)

A

Gasoline is at lower Temps; Diesel is recovered at higher temp (356-716 degrees F) and is considered Middle Distilate, like Jet Fuel and Kerosene)

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15
Q

1.2.5 What is cetane and how is it measured? (p.12)

A
  1. Similar to Gas fuels being rated in Octane numbers, Diesel is measured by it’s cetane content.
  2. Cetane is a colorless gas that requires a low amount of heat to ignite.
  3. the higher this number, the higher the quality of the diesel fuel
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16
Q

1.2.6 Why is water a concern in diesel fuel? (p. 12)

A

Algae, Microbes and Water Contamination

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17
Q

1.2.7 What can happen to diesel fuel and the equipment that it is used in if there is a microbial contamination in the fuel? (p. 12)

A
  1. Diesel fuel is food for microbes, so when there is free water in a diesel tank, microbes have all the resources they need to multiply into a microbial colony
  2. These colonies can consume up to 1% of your fuel investment, while destroying the rest.
  3. Warm temp accelorates growth
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18
Q

1.2.8 Why are additives used in diesel fuel? (p.13)

A

• Increase mileage
• Clean injectors and engine deposits
• Remove water
• Increase cetane rating
• Lubricate the top cylinder
• Stabilize fuel

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19
Q

1.2.9 What terms are used to characterize the cold flow properties of diesel fuel? (p.13-14)

A
  1. The low temperature operability, of petroleum-based diesel fuel
  2. Low Temp Operability is characterized by the cloud point, and the Cold Fulter Plugging Point (CFPP)
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20
Q

1.2.10 What is the cloud point of a diesel fuel? (p.14)

A

Temperature at which small solid crystals are first visually observed as the fuel is cooled

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21
Q

1.2.11 What is the cold filter plugging point? (p.14)

A

Temperature at which a fuel will cause a fuel filter to plug, due to fuel components which have begun to crystallize or gel

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22
Q

1.2.12 How is diesel fuel kept warm in most modern engines? (p.14)

A

Excess Fuel to Engine - - warm fuel that has come close to engine is recycled back through the tank.

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23
Q

1.2.13 What are the leading options to treat diesel in the cold weather? (p.14)

A
  1. Blend with Kerosene
  2. Additive w/ cold Flow properties
  3. Fuel Tank, Filter, line heaters
  4. Store indoors when not in use
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24
Q

1.2.14 How can you find certified retrofitted technologies to reduce diesel emissions?(p.15)

A

Retrofit technologies are evaluated by EPA and CARB and verified technology lists are maintained by eachprogram

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25
Q

1.2.15 What vehicle emissions are listed by the DOE and EPA as problems? (p. 15)

A

Particulate Matter - NO - Hydrocarbins - CM - CD

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26
Q

1.2.16 What are the effects of the problematic emissions? (p. 16)

A

ll of these, except carbon dioxide, are directly harmful to humans and contribute directly to climate change

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27
Q

1.2.17 What is Particulate emission and why is it controlled? (p. 16)

A

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28
Q

1.2.18 What is ozone and what are the health risks associated with it? (p. 16)

A

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29
Q

1.2.19 What are some other problems associated with vehicle emissions? (p.17)

A

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30
Q

1.2.20 What are the two types of national ambient air quality standards? (p.17)

A

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31
Q

1.2.21 What might US states in non-attainment areas for ground level ozone have to do?(p.17)

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32
Q

1.3.1 Define alternative fuels. (p.18)

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33
Q

1.3.2 What is the main purpose of fuel? (p.19)

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34
Q

1.3.3 What is the major environmental concern according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change? (p.19)

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35
Q

1.3.4 Describe the peak oil theory concern (p.19)

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36
Q

1.3.5 What are sustainable alternative fuels? (p.19)

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37
Q

1.3.6 Why would non-sustainable alternative fuels be used. (p.19)

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38
Q

1.3.7 What is Biomass? (p.19)

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39
Q

1.3.8 What is Non-Conventional Oil? (p.20)

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40
Q

1.3.9 What are the sources of Non-Traditional Oil? (p.20)

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41
Q

1.3.10 What is the Fischer-Tropsch process? (p.20)

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42
Q

1.3.11 What is Methane Hydrate? (p.20)

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43
Q

1.3.12 How can methanol and ethanol be used as energy sources? (p.21)

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44
Q

1.3.13 What are the alternative fuels being considered to power todays fleet vehicles?(p.21

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45
Q

1.4.1 What is Biodiesel? (p.21)

A

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46
Q

1.4.2 How can Biodiesel be used? (p.21)

A

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47
Q

1.4.3 How is Biodiesel made? (p.21-22)

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48
Q

1.4.4 How might an organization adopt biodiesel for purposes such as federal or state statute? (p.22)

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49
Q

1.4.5 Why use Biodiesel? (p.22)

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50
Q

1.5.1 Are renewable diesel and Biodiesel similar? (p.22)

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51
Q

1.5.2 What is renewable diesel? (p. 23)

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52
Q

1.5.3 How is renewable diesel made? (p. 23)

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53
Q

1.5.4 What are the benefits of renewable diesel? (p.23)

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54
Q

1.5.5 How might the use of renewable diesel be able to impact carbon emissions?(p.23)

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55
Q

1.6.1 What is Ethanol? (p.23)

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56
Q

1.6.2 How can ethanol be used as a fuel? (p. 23)

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57
Q

1.6.3 What is E10? (p.23)

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58
Q

1.6.4 What is E85? (p.24)

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59
Q

1.6.5 Are all vehicles ethanol compatible? (p.24)

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60
Q

1.6.6 What is the ultimate blend level of ethanol? (p.24)

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61
Q

1.6.7 What is cellulosic ethanol? (p.24)

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62
Q

1.7.1 What is an electric vehicle? (p.24)

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63
Q

1.7.2 What sources might the energy used to power the vehicle come from? (p.24-25)

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64
Q

1.7.3 What sources of energy could hybrid electric vehicles use? (p. 25)

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65
Q

1.8.1 What is a hybrid electric vehicle? (p. 25)

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66
Q

1.8.2 What are some of the considerations when looking at hybrid fuel sources? (p.25)

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67
Q

1.8.3 How does a gasoline electric hybrid function? (p.25)

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68
Q

1.9.1 What is a hydrogen vehicle? (p. 26)

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69
Q

1.9.2 What are the two broad categories of hydrogen fueled vehicles? (p. 26)

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70
Q

1.9.3 What is the source of the fuel? (p. 26)

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71
Q

1.9.4 What are the benefits of using hydrogen as a fuel? (p.26)

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72
Q

1.9.5 How does a fuel cell function? (p.27)

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73
Q

1.9.6 What are the most significant issues involved in using hydrogen as a fuel source? (p.27)

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74
Q

1.9.7 What are some of the issues with storing hydrogen? (p.28)

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75
Q

1.9.8 What are the temperature concerns with hydrogen powered vehicles? (p.28)

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76
Q

1.9.9 What are some of the current limitations of hydrogen powered vehicles? (p.28)

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77
Q

1.9.10 What are some of the safety concerns involving the use of hydrogen as a fuel? (p.28)

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78
Q

1.9.11 How has the competition from other fuel sources affected the adoption of hydrogen as a fuel source? (p.29)

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79
Q

1.10.1 How can natural gas be used to decrease our dependence on foreign oil? (p.30)

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80
Q

1.10.2 How might the use of natural gas-powered vehicles reduce vehicle exhaust emissions? (p.30)

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81
Q

1.10.3 Why is natural gas the lowest producer of greenhouse gasses out of all of the fossil fuels? (p.31)

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82
Q

1.10.4 What are the safety benefits of using natural gas as a fuel? (p.31)

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83
Q

1.10.5 How common are natural gas vehicles and their refueling infrastructure? (p.31)

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84
Q

1.10.6 How expensive is natural gas as fuel? (p.31)

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85
Q

1.11 Propane (p.32)

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86
Q

1.11.1 Is propane an alternative fuel? (p.32)

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87
Q

1.11.2 What is a bi-fuel propane vehicle? (p.32)

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88
Q

1.11.3 How do propane powered vehicles handle in comparison to gasoline powered vehicles? (p.32)

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89
Q

1.11.4 How expensive is it to maintain a propane vehicle? (p.32)

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90
Q

1.11.5 What are some of the other benefits of propane powered vehicles? (p.32)

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91
Q

1.12 Reformulated Gasoline (p.32)

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92
Q

1.12.1 Why is RFG used? (p.32)

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93
Q

1.12.2 Is RFG an alternative fuel? (p.33)

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94
Q

1.12.3 How common is the use of RFG? (p.33)

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95
Q

1.13 Petroleum reduction calculators (p.33)

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96
Q

1.13.1 What tools are available to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (p.33)

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97
Q

1.13.2 What tools can be used to help calculate greenhouse gas emissions in Canada? (p.33)

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98
Q

1.14 Oil markets and their influence on pricing (p.33)

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99
Q

1.14.1 Why is it important to understand the dynamics of fuel supply and demand? (p.33)

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100
Q

1.14.2 Why is oil imported? (p.34)

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101
Q

1.14.3 What are some concerns of our growing appetite for oil? (p.34)

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102
Q

1.14.4 Have the Energy Policy Acts of 1992 or 2005 achieved their goals of reducing the importation of foreign oil? (p.36)

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103
Q

1.14.5 How does OPEC influence oil supply? (p.36)

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104
Q

1.14.6 What is the benchmark price for crude oil on the New York Mercantile Exchange? (p.37)

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105
Q

1.14.7 How can market speculation affect the price of crude oil? (p.37)

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106
Q

1.15 Strategic Petroleum Reserves (p.38)

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107
Q

1.15.1 What is the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve? (p.38)

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108
Q

1.15.2 How much oil is stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve? (p.38)

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109
Q

1.15.3 How much oil is consumed in Canada vs. the US? (p.39)

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110
Q

1.15.4 How much oil is imported in Canada vs. the US? (p.39)

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111
Q

1.15.5 How much oil is refined in Canada vs. the US? (p.39)

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112
Q

1.15.6 What is the North American Pipeline System? (p.39-40)

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113
Q

1.16 The price of a gallon of gas (p.40)

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114
Q

1.16.1 What three elements make up the price of gasoline? (p.40)

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115
Q

1.16.2 What is the methodology for assigning the costs of the fuel to its pump price? (p.41)

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116
Q

1.17 Fuel contracts/hedging (p.42)

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117
Q

1.17.1 What is fuel hedging? (p.42)

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118
Q

1.17.2 What would happen if a company were to purchase a fuel swap and the price of fuel were to decline? (p.42)

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119
Q

1.17.3 What is a fuel call option? (p.42)

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120
Q

2.1.1 Why might an organization consider an in-house fueling system? (p.45)

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121
Q

2.1.2 What issues might be caused by water contamination in a fueling system? (p.45)

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122
Q

2.1.3 How will residual water in a storage tank affect gasoline blended with ethanol? (p.45)

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123
Q

2.1.4 How can you test for residual water in a fuel storage tank? (p.45)

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124
Q

2.1.5 What types of biological contamination are found in diesel fuel? (p.46)

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125
Q

2.1.6 What are suitable conditions for the reproduction of microbes in diesel fuel? (p.46)

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126
Q

2.2 Underground Storage Tanks (p.46)

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127
Q

2.2.1 What is an underground storage tank? (p.46)

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128
Q

2.2.2 What types of storage tanks are not regulated by the EPA? (p.47)

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129
Q

2.2.3 What three things did the EPA mandate that fuel storage tanks be designed with or upgraded with. (p.47)

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130
Q

2.2.4 How does the EPA allow local governments to manage UST regulation? (p.47)

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131
Q

2.2.5 Where can you find more information on American and Canadian UST regulations? (p.48)

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132
Q

2.2.6 What responsibilities do the owners of underground storage tanks have? (p.48)

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133
Q

2.2.7 What are the environmental impacts of faulty or leaking underground fuel systems? (p.48)

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134
Q

2.3.1 What is required to replace an existing UST with an AST? (p.48)

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135
Q

2.3.2 What might be required for AST’s to meet local state/province requirements? (p.48)

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136
Q

2.3.3 What are some of the safety issues regarding above ground storage tanks? (p.49)

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137
Q

2.3.4 What are the environmental concerns of AST’s? (p.49)

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138
Q

2.3.6 What are the best leak detection methods? (p.49)

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139
Q

2.3.7 What are the best release prevention methods? (p.49-50)

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140
Q

2.3.8 What is subject to The Spill, Control and Countermeasure regulation (SPCC)? (P.50)

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141
Q

2.3.9 What steps can fleet managers take to prevent oil spills? (p.50)

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142
Q

2.3.10 What should an SPCC plan address? (p.50-51)

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143
Q

2.3.11 What are the inspection requirements of the SPCC? (p.51)

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144
Q

2.4.1 What is wet hose fueling? (p.51)

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145
Q

2.4.2 What is the wet hose fueling process? (p.51-52)

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146
Q

2.4.3 What are the advantages of wet hose fueling? (p.52)

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147
Q

2.4.4 What are the disadvantages of wet hose fueling? (p. 52)

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148
Q

2.4.5 What are alternatives to wet hose fueling? (p.53)

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149
Q

2.5.1 How can fuel cards help to manage decentralized fleets? (p.53)

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150
Q

2.5.2 What is a corporate T&E card? (p.53-54)

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151
Q

2.5.3 What level of data is available from a corporate T&E card? (p.54)

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152
Q

2.5.4 What is a universal/co-branded card? (p.54)

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153
Q

2.5.5 What data is available from universal/co-branded cards? (p.54-55)

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154
Q

2.5.6 How can universal fuel cards aid a fleet manager or fleet management company to manage their fuel program? (p.55)

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155
Q

2.5.7 What are the common features offered by fleet fuel card providers? (p.55-56)

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156
Q

2.5.8 What are company branded fuel cards? (p.56)

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157
Q

2.5.9 What data and controls are available for company branded cards? (p.56-57)

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158
Q

2.5.10 What is a private site card? (p.57)

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159
Q

2.5.11 What methods incentivize fleets to use a certain type of card? (p.57)

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160
Q

2.5.12 What types of information can fleet managers access online? (p.58)

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161
Q

2.5.13 How is fuel data used for maintenance purposes? (p.58)

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162
Q

2.5.14 How can data be used to monitor driver behavior? (p.59)

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163
Q

2.5.15 What controls are available to managers? (p.59)

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164
Q

2.6.1 What points should be kept in mind when developing an emergency response plan? (p.60)

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165
Q

2.6.2 What are some of the emergencies that should be considered in the plan? (p.60)

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166
Q

2.6.3 What does emergency plan survivability refer to? (p.60)

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167
Q

2.6.4 What is emergency plan adaptability? (p.60)

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168
Q

2.6.5 What does fleet emergency plan sustainability refer to? (p.61)

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169
Q

2.6.6 Write an Emergency Operations Manual (p.61)

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170
Q

2.6.7 What roles does regular service and following a pm schedule play in emergency planning and emergency operations? (p.61)

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171
Q

2.6.8 Why are extra security precautions recommended during a time of emergency? (p.61)

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172
Q

2.6.9 What should be included in your emergency operations manual? (p.61-62)

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173
Q

2.6.10 What elements are present in a good Emergency Response Plan? (p.62)

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174
Q

2.6.11 What should your Emergency Response Plan address? (p.62)

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175
Q

2.6.12 How should the Emergency Response Plan be communicated to staff? (p.63)

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176
Q

2.6.13 What additional training opportunities are available? (p.63)

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177
Q

2.6.14 What are some considerations when developing a 24-hour emergency operations staffing plan? (p.64)

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178
Q

2.6.15 What are your lines of supply and how can they be safeguarded during an emergency situation? (p.64-65)

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179
Q

2.6.16 What risk mitigation strategies should be employed during an emergency? (p.65)

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180
Q

2.6.17 How can a fleet manager protect their fuel supply during an emergency situation? (p.65)

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181
Q

2.6.18 What emergency maintenance considerations should you have if you have an outsourced maintenance operation? (p.65-66)

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182
Q

2.6.19 What emergency maintenance considerations should you have if you have an in-sourced maintenance operation? (p.66)

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183
Q

2.6.20 What security risks should be planned against? (p.66-67)

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184
Q

2.6.21 What lines of communication might be needed in an emergency situation? (p.67)

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185
Q

2.6.22 What is the Incident Command System and why might is be critical to understand it? (p.67)

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186
Q

2.6.23 Why should fleet managers be wary of over committing resources or committing them in haste? (p.67)

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187
Q

2.6.24 What should you consider adding in your contract with vendors before an emergency? (p.68)

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188
Q

4.1.1 What are alternative fuel vehicles? (p.88)

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189
Q

4.1.2 What are Hybrid-Electric vehicles? (p.88)

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190
Q

4.1.3 What advanced technologies do hybrid-electric vehicles use? (p.88)

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191
Q

4.1.4 What is a “Mild” Hybrid vehicle? (p.88)

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192
Q

4.1.5 How do hybrid electric drive systems function? (p.89)

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193
Q

4.1.6 What is a Full Hybrid? (p.89)

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194
Q

4.1.7 What is a Series Hybrid vehicle? (p.89)

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195
Q

4.1.8 In what conditions does a Series Hybrid perform optimally? (p.90)

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196
Q

4.1.9 What is a Parallel Hybrid vehicle? (p.90)

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197
Q

4.1.10 How can a Parallel Hybrid system serve as an AWD system? (p.91)

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198
Q

4.1.11 What is a Series/Parallel Hybrid system? (p.91)

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199
Q

4.1.12 What is a two mode Hybrid system? (p.93)

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200
Q

4.1.13 How can Hybrid technologies help to operate a power take off shaft without the use of an internal combustion engine? (p.93)

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201
Q

4.1.14 What types of fuel reductions were seen in the Hybrid International Truck and Engine utility vehicles that were tested as part of the HTUF pilot program? (p.93-94

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202
Q

4.1.15 What is the difference between an Electric Vehicle and a Hybrid Vehicle? (p.94)

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203
Q

4.1.16 How can natural gas be used by fleet managers as a fuel? (p.94-95)

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204
Q

4.1.17 What are the advantages of using Natural Gas as a fuel? (p.95)

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205
Q

4.1.18 What is a Flex-Fuel vehicle? (p.95)

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206
Q

4.1.19 How is Ethanol used as a fuel for vehicles? (p.95)

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207
Q

4.1.20 What are some of the drawbacks of using Ethanol as a fuel? (p.95)

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208
Q

4.2.1 What program was enacted by the EPA and Department od transportation’s National Traffic Safety Administration in 2016 to reduce greenhouse gasses? 96

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209
Q

4.2.2 How much might these standards reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)?

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210
Q

4.2.3 What are the projected results of the standards? (p.96)

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211
Q

4.2.4 What are two intertwined and critically important needs of the US? (p.97)

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212
Q

4.2.5 How can the government help to reduce our dependence on foreign oil? (p.97)

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213
Q

4.2.6 How does the transportation industry contribute to greenhouse gas emissions? (p.97)

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214
Q

4.2.7 What are the benefits of the proposed HD National Program? (p.97-98)

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215
Q

4.2.8 What are the costs of the proposed HD National Program? (p.97)

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216
Q

4.2.9 What are the three main regulatory categories of the HD National Program proposed by the EPA and the NHTSA? (p.98)

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217
Q

4.2.10 What types of vehicles are included in the proposal? (p.98)

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218
Q

4.2.11 Are trailers with engines covered by the proposal? (p.98)

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219
Q

4.2.12 How are the EPA and NHTSA collaborating in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (p.98)

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220
Q

4.2.13 What are the proposed standards for N2O and CH4 emissions? (p.99)

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221
Q

4.2.14 How do air conditioning systems contribute to GHG emissions? (p.99)

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222
Q

4.2.15 How does the proposed HD National Program provide flexibility to manufacturers to comply? (p.99)

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223
Q

4.2.16 What additional credit opportunities are available in the proposed HD National Program? (p.100)

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224
Q

4.2.17 What vehicles are covered in the proposed standards? (p.100)

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225
Q

4.2.18 What two metrics are proposed in the standard? (p.100)

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226
Q

4.2.19 How did the SmartWay Transportation Partnership contribute to the HD National Program? (p.100)

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227
Q

4.2.20 How are the proposed corporate average standards for Heavy-Duty pickup trucks and vans determined? (p.101-102)

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228
Q

4.2.21 What are Vocational Vehicles? (p.102)

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229
Q

4.2.22 How will the proposed standards regulate them? (p.102)

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230
Q

4.3.1 What is Variable Valve Timing? (p.103)

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231
Q

4.3.2 What is Active Fuel Management? (p. 103)

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232
Q

4.3.3 What is the Atkinson Cycle engine and how might its implementation help improve fuel economy? (p. 104)

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233
Q

4.3.4 What is a Partial Zero Emission Vehicle? (p. 105)

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234
Q

4.3.5 What is Electronic Fuel Injection? (p.105-106)

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235
Q

4.3.6 How can Electronic Fuel Injection help improve fuel efficiency? (p. 106)

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236
Q

4.3.7 How can Exhaust Systems help reduce emissions? (p. 106)

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237
Q

4.4.1 What are the differences between direct and indirect injection? (p.107)

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238
Q

4.4.2 What is Exhaust Gas Recirculation? (p.107)

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239
Q

4.4.3 What is the history of vehicles that have used EGR? (p.108)

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240
Q

4.4.4 How can EGR be used in conjunction with other technologies to reduce GHG’s? (p.108)

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241
Q

4.4.5 What is a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)? (p.109)

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242
Q

4.4.6 How effective can DPF’s be at reducing emissions? (p.109)

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243
Q

4.4.7 What is Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)? (p.109)

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244
Q

4.4.8 How can SCR reduce emissions? (p.109-110)

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245
Q

4.4.9 What is the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)? (p.110)

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246
Q

4.4.10 What sort of Certification and Compliance testing does the NVFEL perform on Light – Medium Duty Engines? (p.110-111)

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247
Q

4.4.11 What system is being used by NVFEL in order to analyze different engine and transmission combinations in order to predict their emissions? (p.111)

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248
Q

4.4.12 What tests does the NVFEL perform on Heavy Duty Engines? (p.112)

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249
Q

4.5.1 What is Natural Gas? What two forms are used as fuel for vehicles? (p.113)

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250
Q

4.5.2 What is the difference between a Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicle and a Bi-Fuel Natural Gas Vehicle? (p.113)

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251
Q

4.5.3 What are the advantages of Natural Gas-Powered Vehicle’s? (p.113)

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252
Q

4.5.4 How available is the technology today? (p.113)

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253
Q

4.6.1 How common are Propane powered vehicles? (p.114)

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254
Q

4.6.2 What is the power of a Propane powered vehicle in comparison to a Gasoline powered vehicle? (p.114)

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255
Q

4.6.3 How costly are propane powered vehicles to maintain? (p.114)

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256
Q

4.6.4 How do Propane powered vehicles work? (p. 114)

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257
Q

4.6.5 How can Propane powered vehicles be acquired? (p.114-115)

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258
Q

4.7.1 What are the benefits of reducing the duration of engine idling? (p.115-116)

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259
Q

4.7.2 What are the two ways of reducing idling? (p.116)

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260
Q

4.7.3 What is an Auxiliary Power Unit? (p.116)

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261
Q

4.7.4 How can a Cab Heating system reduce fuel consumption? (p.116)

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262
Q

4.7.5 What is a coolant heater? (p.116)

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263
Q

4.7.6 How can an energy recovery system help heat a transport cab? (p.117)

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264
Q

4.7.7 How do Thermal Energy Storage Systems Function (TES)? (p.117)

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265
Q

4.7.8 What are the three types of TES systems? (p.117)

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266
Q

4.7.9 What is the difference between a centralized and distributed systems? (p.118)

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267
Q

4.7.10 What does a TES systems economic performance depend on? (p.118)

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268
Q

4.7.11 What TES storage mediums available? (p.118)

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269
Q

4.7.12 What are the costs and performance of available TES systems? (p.119)

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270
Q

4.7.13 What are some barriers to market entry that TES systems face? (p.119)

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271
Q

4.7.14 What technologies might be replaced by TES systems? (p.119)

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272
Q

4.7.15 How can Electrified Parking Spaces reduce emissions and benefit truck operators? (p.120)

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273
Q

4.7.16 What is Single-System Electrification? (p.120)

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274
Q

4.7.17 What is a Dual-System Electrification? (p.120)

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CAFM Certification (29 decks)

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