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CAFM Certification > VFM > Flashcards

VFM Flashcards

1
Q

1.1.1 What is the most common fuel in the US? (p.6)

A

Gasoline

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2
Q

1.1.2 What types of vehicles use Gasoline? (p.6)

A

Cars - SUVs - Light Trucks - Motocycles - RVs - Boats - Small aircraft

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3
Q

1.1.3 What is the difference between unleaded and leaded gasoline? (p.7)

A

Charles Kettering ‘s resolve for silicening the “knocking” was to add Tetraethyl lead to fuel.
- Manufacturers met the new lead-free and emission restrictions by incorporating catalytic converters in automobiles

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4
Q

1.1.4 What seasonal cycles do the demand for gasoline follow? (p.7)

A

Demand is lower in colder months

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5
Q

1.1.5 What process is used to refine crude oil? (p.8)

A

Simple Distillation - mixture of hydrocarbons; so this first and most basic refining process is aimed at separating the crude oil into its “fractions,”

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6
Q

1.1.6 When is gasoline recovered during the refining process? (p.8)

A

The lighter products, such as liquid petroleum gases (LPG) and so-called “straight run” gasoline, are recovered at the lowest temperature

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7
Q

1.1.7 What is downstream distillation? (p.8)

A

downstream (or closer to the refinery gate and the consumer
Breaking it down further

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8
Q

1.1.8 Why are additives used in Gasoline? (p.9)

A
  1. Added as an attempt to increase octane rating. octane ratings are numerical values of the fuel’s resistance to vehicle engine “knock”
  2. Inhibit corrosion
  3. Librication
  4. Increase compression ratios
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9
Q

1.1.9 What are the main additives used in Gasoline? (p.9)

A

• Oxygenates: Fuels infused with oxygen that reduce carbon monoxide emissions. They are either based on alcohol or ether.
• Antioxidants: Used as a fuel stabilizer to prevent oxidation.
• Antiknock agents: Reduces engine knocking and increases fuel octane rating.
• Fuel Dyes: Some countries dye fuel that is taxed at a lower rate to monitor unauthorized use. Untaxed fuels are colored (usually blue, red or yellow) while taxed fuels are clear
• Metal deactivators: Fuel and lubricant additives used to stabilize fuel by deactivating metal ions and inhibiting the formation of gummy residues. This compound has been approved for both military and commercial use.
• Corrosion inhibitors: Chemical compounds that slow corrosion.
• Stabilizers: Used to maintain the quality of gasoline during idle periods. Stabilizers delay the oxidation process and prevent the separation of heavier and lighter compounds contained within gasoline.

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10
Q

1.1.10 What are the most common vehicle emissions caused by gasoline? (p.10

A

• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Particulate Matter (PM10/2.5)

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11
Q

1.2.1 What are the uses of diesel fuel? (p.10-11)

A

Diesel engines in trucks, trains, boats, and barges help transport nearly all the products people consume

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12
Q

1.2.2 What is Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel? (p.11)

A
  1. From EPA and Environment Canada
  2. A Specially refined diesel fuel that has a dramatically lower sulfur content than regular on-highway diesel and can be used in any diesel engine just like regular diesel fuel
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13
Q

1.2.3 Why is USLD valuable in North America? (p. 11)

A

Its worth more in the United States, where the maximum allowable sulfur is 0.05 percent by weight, than in Africa, where the maximum can be 10 to 20 times higher.

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14
Q

1.2.4 At which point is diesel recovered in the distillation process? (p. 11-12)

A

Gasoline is at lower Temps; Diesel is recovered at higher temp (356-716 degrees F) and is considered Middle Distilate, like Jet Fuel and Kerosene)

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15
Q

1.2.5 What is cetane and how is it measured? (p.12)

A
  1. Similar to Gas fuels being rated in Octane numbers, Diesel is measured by it’s cetane content.
  2. Cetane is a colorless gas that requires a low amount of heat to ignite.
  3. the higher this number, the higher the quality of the diesel fuel
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16
Q

1.2.6 Why is water a concern in diesel fuel? (p. 12)

A

Algae, Microbes and Water Contamination

17
Q

1.2.7 What can happen to diesel fuel and the equipment that it is used in if there is a microbial contamination in the fuel? (p. 12)

A
  1. Diesel fuel is food for microbes, so when there is free water in a diesel tank, microbes have all the resources they need to multiply into a microbial colony
  2. These colonies can consume up to 1% of your fuel investment, while destroying the rest.
  3. Warm temp accelorates growth
18
Q

1.2.8 Why are additives used in diesel fuel? (p.13)

A

• Increase mileage
• Clean injectors and engine deposits
• Remove water
• Increase cetane rating
• Lubricate the top cylinder
• Stabilize fuel

19
Q

1.2.9 What terms are used to characterize the cold flow properties of diesel fuel? (p.13-14)

A
  1. The low temperature operability, of petroleum-based diesel fuel
  2. Low Temp Operability is characterized by the cloud point, and the Cold Fulter Plugging Point (CFPP)
20
Q

1.2.10 What is the cloud point of a diesel fuel? (p.14)

A

Temperature at which small solid crystals are first visually observed as the fuel is cooled

21
Q

1.2.11 What is the cold filter plugging point? (p.14)

A

Temperature at which a fuel will cause a fuel filter to plug, due to fuel components which have begun to crystallize or gel

22
Q

1.2.12 How is diesel fuel kept warm in most modern engines? (p.14)

A

Excess Fuel to Engine - - warm fuel that has come close to engine is recycled back through the tank.

23
Q

1.2.13 What are the leading options to treat diesel in the cold weather? (p.14)

A
  1. Blend with Kerosene
  2. Additive w/ cold Flow properties
  3. Fuel Tank, Filter, line heaters
  4. Store indoors when not in use
24
Q

1.2.14 How can you find certified retrofitted technologies to reduce diesel emissions?(p.15)

A

Retrofit technologies are evaluated by EPA and CARB and verified technology lists are maintained by eachprogram

25
Q

1.2.15 What vehicle emissions are listed by the DOE and EPA as problems? (p. 15)

A

Particulate Matter - NO - Hydrocarbins - CM - CD

26
Q

1.2.16 What are the effects of the problematic emissions? (p. 16)

A

ll of these, except carbon dioxide, are directly harmful to humans and contribute directly to climate change

27
Q

4.1.1 What are alternative fuel vehicles? (p.88)

A

Don’t run solely on Gas or Diesel
Powered by a souce other than or in addition to the traditional gas or diesel engine

28
Q

4.1.2 What are Hybrid-Electric vehicles? (p.88)

A

Vehicles that use both internal combustion engine and electric power

29
Q

4.1.3 What advanced technologies do hybrid-electric vehicles use? (p.88)

A

Battery pack - gen power and start internal combustion engine /

30
Q

4.1.4 What is a “Mild” Hybrid vehicle? (p.88)

A

uses automatic engine shut-off/startup technology to marginally improve fuel economy - There is no electric motor which drives the wheels.

31
Q

4.1.5 How do hybrid electric drive systems function? (p.89)

A

combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors to provide improved fuel economy.

32
Q

4.1.6 What is a Full Hybrid? (p.89)

A

Can use eletric motor as sole source/ Elecrtic only Driving mode / siries

33
Q

4.1.7 What is a Series Hybrid vehicle? (p.89)

A

Hybrid-electric vehicle systems come in three basic varieties: Series - Parallel - and Combo
The series/parallel hybrid system is the most common
1. Series: engine powers an electric generator and only the electric motor drives the wheels - Simplist - More expensive than parallel

34
Q

4.1.8 In what conditions does a Series Hybrid perform optimally? (p.90)

A

satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving - Large Vehicles - Diesel locomotives

35
Q

4.1.9 What is a Parallel Hybrid vehicle? (p.90)

A

Most common
Both Engene and Electric motor generage power for wheels

36
Q

4.1.10 How can a Parallel Hybrid system serve as an AWD system? (p.91)

A

Both engeine and electric motor generate power that drives vehicle. - Honda IMA ( Intregrated Motor Assist) - quite efficient on the highway

37
Q

4.1.11 What is a Series/Parallel Hybrid system? (p.91)

A

merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drivetrains -
Engine can both Drive wheels directly ( Parallel ) and disconnect from wheels so that only motor powers wheels ( series )
Prius
Dual Drivetrain - Engine Optimum Efficient more often.
Low Speeds ( series ) - High speeds, where the series drivetrain is less efficient, the engine takes over

CAFM Certification (29 decks)

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