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.infection & immunity > Veterinary Virology > Flashcards

Veterinary Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Size of viruses

A

Diameter: 20-250 nm

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2
Q

Mimivirus

A

Giant virus discovered in amoebe
800 nm in diamter
Genome larger than at least 25 bacterial genomes

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3
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Different viruses work together to create a biofilm (peptides between viruses)
Protects them against the environment

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4
Q

Progressive hypothesis

A

Arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells

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5
Q

Regressive/ reduction hypothesis

A

Evolved from free-living ancestors that adapted a parasitic replication strategy (viruses remnants of cellular organisms

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6
Q

Virus-first hypothesis

A

Viruses predate or coevolved with their current cellular hosts

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7
Q

How are viruses beneficial?

A

Mode of transmission of genetic material
Provide residual immunity to subsequent infection
Eliminate harmful bacteria (bacteriophages)
Express foreign viral or non-viral proteins
Insert new genes into cells for gene therapy

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8
Q

Properties of animal viruses

A

Obligate intracellular organisms
No organelles
Lack metabolic capabilities to replicate
Reproduction by replication (copying)
Nucleic acid RNA or DNA

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9
Q

Virus morphology

A

Nucleic acid + capsid (protective coat) = nucleocapsid
Contain envelope

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10
Q

________ contain nucleocapsid only and __________ and __________ have nucleocapsid + envelope (both infectious)

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Flaviviruses
  3. paramyxoviruses
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11
Q

Virus

A

General description before it infects the cell

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12
Q

Virion

A

Mature infectious virus particle

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13
Q

Viroid

A

In plants

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14
Q

__________ are generated during virus assembly and are no infectious

A

Empty capsids

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15
Q

Virus shapes

A

Icosahedral (pentagon with 20 facets and most common)
Helical
Complex symmetry

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16
Q

Classification of viruses

A

PCR (type of Nac)
EM (shape, size)

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17
Q

How are viruses grouped?

A
  1. Shape and size of virus
  2. Shape and size and nucleic acid
  3. Type of nucleic acid
  4. The host they infect
  5. The vector
  6. Location of viral replication
    • or + sense DNA or RNA represent complimentary strands in the case of double strands
  8. Enveloped or non-enveloped
  9. Capside symmetry
18
Q

Virus taxonomy

A

Order (virales)
Family (viridae)
Subfamily (virinae)
Genus (virus)
Species

19
Q

Where are viral proteins found?

A

Lipid envelope, capsids, tegument (space between envelope and capsid)

20
Q

Stages of virus cycle

A

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating and Replication
Release of Viral Particles

21
Q

Non-specific electrostatic binding (attachment)

A

Electrostatic binding to common cell-surface molecules (dextran, heparin sulfate, protoglycans)
Irreversible, concentrates viral particles on cell surface

22
Q

Specific binding (attachment)

A

Binding to cell surface receptors determine virus tropism

23
Q

Example of specific cell binding

A

Binding FIV virus to the T cell receptor CD4 involves interaction of viral gp120 with CD4

24
Q

________ do no require receptor

A

Plant viruses (viroids)
insects carrying virus cause damage to plant

25
Q

Penetration in enveloped viruses

A

Penetrates via endocytosis (influenza)
Fusion with plasma or endosomal membrane forming syncytia (FIV, reoviruses)

26
Q

Penetration in naked viruses

A

Pore entry (micropinocytosis)- access to cytoplasm (enteroviruses)
Lysis of cell endosomal mem- access to cytoplasm (adenovirus)

27
Q

How do naked viruses bind to receptors?

A

Virus Canyon structures (picornavirus(
Virus fibers- spikes (adenovirus)
Virus motifs- exposed regions of capsid (FMD virus)

28
Q

Viral Release

A

Mature virus infecting the cell released

29
Q

Retroviruses

A

Integrates into host genomes (infected for life)
Ex: bovine leukemia, FIV, FeLV

30
Q

3 ways provirus is transcribed to mRNA

A
  1. Binds to smooth ribos → translated to essential protein for virus
  2. mRNA + charge → transcribed to RNA
  3. Binds to ribos on RER forming GP120 on surface of virus
31
Q

To cause disease viruses must …

A

Infect and spread in host
Attain their target tissue/ organ (virus tropism)
Cause extensive damage to target
Transmit to other hosts to ensure survival

32
Q

Virus virulence depends on

A

of cells infected in an organ

Rate of replication
Lethal or infectious dose
# of cells infected in an organ
Tissue tropism
Extent of host damage
Route of infection and capacity to spread

33
Q

Virulence among species

A

Zoonotic diseases more severe in introduced species, mild in natural host
Ex: Swine influenza

34
Q

Virulence in the same species

A

Immune response controlled by MHC antigens
Susceptibility varies on type of MHC products

35
Q

Expression of critical receptors

A

Viruses have primary and secondary receptors
Wider expression of viral receptors in host = wider spread of infection

36
Q

Physiological features

A

Age: severe in young
Health: malnutrition and stress
Hormones: pregnancy
Cell cycle: rapidly dividing cells
Fever: redcuction fatal
Immunosuppressive drugs

37
Q

Pathological changes in the respiratory tract

A

Cessation of ciliary function
Sloughing of the mucosa
Exudation of inflammatory fluid
Blockage of airways by cell debris and inflamm cells
Regeneration of mucosa in recovered animals
Predisposition to bacterial infection in the injured tissue

38
Q

Pathological changes in the GI tract

A

Infection of epithelial cells of stomach and intestine
Sloughing of the mucosa lining of the GI
Malabsorption and imbalance of electrolytes (diarrhea)
Dehydration, acidosis, hypoglycemia
Generalized malaise in case of systemic dissemination

39
Q

Mechanisms of viral injury and disease

A

Blocking synthesis of host RNA/ DNA, host transcription, host mRNA, and host protein synthesis
Interfering with cellular membrane function

40
Q

RNA/DNA viruses causing cancer

A

Carcinomas- papillomas in dogs, herpes
Sarcomas
Retroviruses- FeLV, Rous sarcoma virus

41
Q

Virus-induced neoplasia

A

Pick up proto-onc gene, mutate it to onc, then integrate it to host genome
Provirus integrates in host DNA near proto-onc transforming it to onc gene

.infection & immunity (12 decks)

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