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Veterinary Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Size of viruses

A

Diameter: 20-250 nm

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2
Q

Mimivirus

A

Giant virus discovered in amoebe
800 nm in diamter
Genome larger than at least 25 bacterial genomes

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3
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Different viruses work together to create a biofilm (peptides between viruses)
Protects them against the environment

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4
Q

Progressive hypothesis

A

Arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells

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5
Q

Regressive/ reduction hypothesis

A

Evolved from free-living ancestors that adapted a parasitic replication strategy (viruses remnants of cellular organisms

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6
Q

Virus-first hypothesis

A

Viruses predate or coevolved with their current cellular hosts

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7
Q

How are viruses beneficial?

A

Mode of transmission of genetic material
Provide residual immunity to subsequent infection
Eliminate harmful bacteria (bacteriophages)
Express foreign viral or non-viral proteins
Insert new genes into cells for gene therapy

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8
Q

Properties of animal viruses

A

Obligate intracellular organisms
No organelles
Lack metabolic capabilities to replicate
Reproduction by replication (copying)
Nucleic acid RNA or DNA

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9
Q

Virus morphology

A

Nucleic acid + capsid (protective coat) = nucleocapsid
Contain envelope

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10
Q

________ contain nucleocapsid only and __________ and __________ have nucleocapsid + envelope (both infectious)

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Flaviviruses
  3. paramyxoviruses
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11
Q

Virus

A

General description before it infects the cell

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12
Q

Virion

A

Mature infectious virus particle

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13
Q

Viroid

A

In plants

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14
Q

__________ are generated during virus assembly and are no infectious

A

Empty capsids

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15
Q

Virus shapes

A

Icosahedral (pentagon with 20 facets and most common)
Helical
Complex symmetry

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16
Q

Classification of viruses

A

PCR (type of Nac)
EM (shape, size)

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17
Q

How are viruses grouped?

A
  1. Shape and size of virus
  2. Shape and size and nucleic acid
  3. Type of nucleic acid
  4. The host they infect
  5. The vector
  6. Location of viral replication
    • or + sense DNA or RNA represent complimentary strands in the case of double strands
  8. Enveloped or non-enveloped
  9. Capside symmetry
18
Q

Virus taxonomy

A

Order (virales)
Family (viridae)
Subfamily (virinae)
Genus (virus)
Species

19
Q

Where are viral proteins found?

A

Lipid envelope, capsids, tegument (space between envelope and capsid)

20
Q

Stages of virus cycle

A

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating and Replication
Release of Viral Particles

21
Q

Non-specific electrostatic binding (attachment)

A

Electrostatic binding to common cell-surface molecules (dextran, heparin sulfate, protoglycans)
Irreversible, concentrates viral particles on cell surface

22
Q

Specific binding (attachment)

A

Binding to cell surface receptors determine virus tropism

23
Q

Example of specific cell binding

A

Binding FIV virus to the T cell receptor CD4 involves interaction of viral gp120 with CD4

24
Q

________ do no require receptor

A

Plant viruses (viroids)
insects carrying virus cause damage to plant

25
Penetration in enveloped viruses
Penetrates via endocytosis (influenza) Fusion with plasma or endosomal membrane forming syncytia (FIV, reoviruses)
26
Penetration in naked viruses
Pore entry (micropinocytosis)- access to cytoplasm (enteroviruses) Lysis of cell endosomal mem- access to cytoplasm (adenovirus)
27
How do naked viruses bind to receptors?
Virus Canyon structures (picornavirus( Virus fibers- spikes (adenovirus) Virus motifs- exposed regions of capsid (FMD virus)
28
Viral Release
Mature virus infecting the cell released
29
Retroviruses
Integrates into host genomes (infected for life) Ex: bovine leukemia, FIV, FeLV
30
3 ways provirus is transcribed to mRNA
1. Binds to smooth ribos → translated to essential protein for virus 2. mRNA + charge → transcribed to RNA 3. Binds to ribos on RER forming GP120 on surface of virus
31
To cause disease viruses must ...
Infect and spread in host Attain their target tissue/ organ (virus tropism) Cause extensive damage to target Transmit to other hosts to ensure survival
32
Virus virulence depends on
# of cells infected in an organ Rate of replication Lethal or infectious dose # of cells infected in an organ Tissue tropism Extent of host damage Route of infection and capacity to spread
33
Virulence among species
Zoonotic diseases more severe in introduced species, mild in natural host Ex: Swine influenza
34
Virulence in the same species
Immune response controlled by MHC antigens Susceptibility varies on type of MHC products
35
Expression of critical receptors
Viruses have primary and secondary receptors Wider expression of viral receptors in host = wider spread of infection
36
Physiological features
Age: severe in young Health: malnutrition and stress Hormones: pregnancy Cell cycle: rapidly dividing cells Fever: redcuction fatal Immunosuppressive drugs
37
Pathological changes in the respiratory tract
Cessation of ciliary function Sloughing of the mucosa Exudation of inflammatory fluid Blockage of airways by cell debris and inflamm cells Regeneration of mucosa in recovered animals Predisposition to bacterial infection in the injured tissue
38
Pathological changes in the GI tract
Infection of epithelial cells of stomach and intestine Sloughing of the mucosa lining of the GI Malabsorption and imbalance of electrolytes (diarrhea) Dehydration, acidosis, hypoglycemia Generalized malaise in case of systemic dissemination
39
Mechanisms of viral injury and disease
Blocking synthesis of host RNA/ DNA, host transcription, host mRNA, and host protein synthesis Interfering with cellular membrane function
40
RNA/DNA viruses causing cancer
Carcinomas- papillomas in dogs, herpes Sarcomas Retroviruses- FeLV, Rous sarcoma virus
41
Virus-induced neoplasia
Pick up proto-onc gene, mutate it to onc, then integrate it to host genome Provirus integrates in host DNA near proto-onc transforming it to onc gene

.infection & immunity (12 decks)

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