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Equine Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Arteriviridae (equine arteritis)

A

RNA virus
Natural infections asymptomatic
High infection in standardbreds and Warmbloods

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2
Q

CS of equine arteritis

A

Leukopenia
Edema in eyes, abdomen, prepuce, scrotum and m. glands
Hind limbs (stiff gait)

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3
Q

Severe case of equine arteritis

A

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia especially in young foals leading to death

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4
Q

Equine arteritis in mothers

A

Abortion between 3-10 m after gestation
Unvx mares infection results in abortion storms

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5
Q

Aborted fetuses from equine arteritis

A

Autolyzed
Excess fluid in the peritoneal, pleural cavities
Petecchial hemorrhage in perioneal and pleural mucosal surfaces

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6
Q

Equine arteritis transmission

A

Respiratory (aerosols)
Venereal (semen of persistently infected stallions)

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7
Q

Carrier status of Equine arteritis

A

No carrier status in mares or castrated horses (actively dependent on testosterone)
Persistently infected stallions (30-70%)- natural reservoir

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of equine arteritis

A

Replicates in macrophages
Vascular injury in adult horses leads to congestion, edema and hemorrhage

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9
Q

Where is virus concentration the highest for equine arteritis

A

In sex glands and vas deferens
Shedding dependent on testosterone

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10
Q

Dx of Equine arteritis

A

RT-PCR (semen, kidney)**
Serology of Abs (ELISA)

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11
Q

Immunity of equine arteritis

A

Neutralization of Abs after 1 week and persists for years
1 serotype → animals have long life protection

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12
Q

Equine arteritis vx

A

Attenuated or inactivated vx
Colts done after 6-8 m
Mares vx before they become pregnant

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13
Q

________________ for equine arteritis is central to control strategies

A

Identification of carriers

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14
Q

Retroviridae causes ___________ in horses

A

Equine Infectious Anemia

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15
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Infects macros
Reportable in all states

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16
Q

Forms of equine infectious anemia

A

Acute: death within a month
Sub-acute: persistently infected horses
Chronic: relapsing
Silent: Life of infected horse

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17
Q

CS of the acute phase of equine infectious anemia

A

After 7-21 days: fever, severe anemia, petechial hemorrhage of mucosae leading to death within 2-3 weeks

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18
Q

CS of the subacute phase of equine infectious anemia

A

Continuing moderate fever with recovery Long-life persistent infection
Recurrent episode of disease occurs from new variants

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19
Q

Equine infectious anemia transmission

A

Vectors (tabanid and stable flies in summer)
Iatrogenic (non-sterile equipment)
Transplacental

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of equine infectious anemia

A

Infects monos and macros (life-long cell associated viremia)
Complement: RBCs lysis and hemorrhage from thrombocytopenia

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21
Q

Dx for equine infectious anemia

A

ELISA (Abs) with WB to confirm
Coggins test
PCR of infected macros

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22
Q

How do you differentiate equine infectious anemia from equine viral arteritis

A

Hemorrhage, infected semen in both
Fever episodes, rapid death in anemia
Edema, abortion in arteritis

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23
Q

Paramyxoviridae causes _______________

A

Hendra virus
Genus: henipavirus
subfamily: paramyxovirinae

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24
Q

Hendra virus

A

Zoonotic, severe resp. and neurologic disease affecting horses and humans
Fruit bats (flying foxes)

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25
CS of hendra virus
Initial anorexia, depression, fever and ↑ resp. and heart rates then resp and neurological signs Die quickyl after onset
26
Pathogenesis of hendra virus
Subclinical form in fruit bats Secretions and excretions from bats Vets handling infected horse carcasses Tropism for vascular tissue
27
Gross lesions of hendra virus
Severe pulmonary edema with copious thick, foamy and hemorrhagic fluid in airways Pericardial effusion
28
Histopathic lesions fo hendra virus
Necrosis and vasculitis of small vessels Syncytia in the endothelium of lung capillaries and arterioles Neuronal necrosis and focal gliosis
29
Differential of hendra virus
Macroscopically differentiated from African horse sickness (reovirus) because its from a diff continent, insect borne and not neuro
30
Dx of hendra virus
RT-PCR, IFA, IHC, ELISA
31
Immunity and prevention of hendra virus
Surviving horses: humoral Ab response against virus Equivac HeV vx BSL-4 handling
32
Orthomyxoviridae causes ____________________
Equine influenza virus (type A)
33
Equine influenza virus
Reportable RNA virus Most impt. cause of resp. disease in horses H3N8 in different outbreaks
34
How does influenza cause viral infection?
Attach to cells via binding of their activated HA to sialic-acid containing receptors (glucose receptors)
35
Genetic drift
Point mutations representing substitutions
36
Genetic shift
Genomic segment re-assortment
37
Where is Equine influenza virus fatal
Donkeys, zebras, and debilitated horses
38
CS of Equine influenza virus
Harsh, dry paroxysmal cough Fever (4-5 days), prolonged → abortion in mares Secondary infection may occur Self- limiting if infection absent
39
_____________ are the only source of Equine influenza virus
Equids *rarely the source is avian*
40
Pathogenesis of Equine influenza virus
Replicates in epith. cells of upper and lower resp. tract → destruction of ciliated epithelium → nasal discharge, laryngitis, bronchitis, etc.
41
DD of Equine influenza virus
Equine herpes 1 Equine Adeno Equine rhinitis virus Bacterial infection
42
Dx of Equine influenza virus
RT-PCR (nasal swabs) Isolation in embyronated eggs or K9 kidney cells Paired serum samples (serology) Rapid ELISA
43
Immunity and control of Equine influenza virus
Inactivated vx with 2 lineages of H3N8 Live attenuated recombinant canarypox vaccines
44
Equid Herpesvirus 1 causes _____________
Equine abortion virus
45
Equine abortion virus
Most important viral cause of abortion Carried in an inactive state Reportable
46
CS of equine abortion virus
Resp. (route of infection) Viremia → serious systemic disease Sporadic abortion (abortion storm)- last trimester Encephalomyelitis
47
Aborted fetuses (equine abortion virus)
Autolysis if abortion b4 6 months Icterus, splenomegaly, pale foci of necrosis / cut surfaces on the liver
48
Micro lesions of equine abortion virus
Severe necrosis of splenic white pulp Eosinophilic herpesvirus nuclear IBs
49
Encephalomyelitis (equine abortion virus)
Replciation in endothelial cells lining arterioles of brain and SC Vasculitis, thrombosis and ischemic necrosis Hemorrhage in SC
50
Dx of herpesviridae (equine abortion virus)
Clinical presentation of abortion IHC, PCR (fetal lung, thymus, spleen)
51
DD of equine abortion virus
Equine herpes 4 (causes sporadic abortion like EH1 and resp. disease) Equine influenza (RNA)
52
Vx of equine abortion virus
Attenuated and inactivated vx (for abortion and resp. systems, not neuro or infection)
53
Equine herpesvirus 3 causes _________________
Equine coital exanthema virus
54
Equine coital exanthema virus
Causes venereal disease of benign consequences Acute, mild disease
55
Lesions associated with Equine coital exanthema virus
Pustular and ulcerative lesions on the vag and vesicular mucosae (circular red nodules on genitalia) Healing complete by 14 days → carriers have leftover white skin depigmented spots
55
Dx of Equine coital exanthema virus
Carriers: white skin depigmented spots EM and IHC of ulcers
56
Equine herpesvirus 4 causes _____________-
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (herpesviridae alphavirus)
57
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
Most important causing resp. disease Foals infected first few weeks of life, disease occurs in foals over 2 m old
58
CS from Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
Fever, anorexia, profuse serous discharge mucopurulent Recrudescence of latent virus → disease episodes later Occ abortion and rarely neuro disease
59
Vx for Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
For equid herpes 1 and 4
60
Equine herpesvirus 5 causes ________________
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (herpesviridae gammaherpesvirus)
61
Cs of Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
WL, cough, fever, resp. difficulty
62
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
Middle-aged horses (young horses) Lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoma
63
Dx of Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
64
Togaviridae causes ___________
Equine encephalitis viruses (Eastern, western, venezuelan) *genus: alphavirus, RNA virus*
65
Eastern Equine encephalitis
Enzootic in eastern North America (most common in the US) Severe diseases in horses and humans High mortality
66
Western Equine encephalitis
Widely distributed throughout Americas (infrequent incidence)
67
Venezuelan Equine encephalitis
Horses in Central and south America, foreign and reportable Cellular depletion of BM, spleen, LN, necrosis in pancreas and encephalitis in horses
68
Equine encephalitis viruses transmission
Mosquito Birds or mammals are reservoir hosts (birds to human)
69
Equine encephalitis CS
Syndromes of neurological disease: Encephalitis (impaired visions, circling, paralysis) Mildly affected recovery: dummies
70
Equine encephalitis infections
Sub-acute: transient fever Acute: Protracted fever, anorexia, tachycardia, depression Progressive: CNS
71
Pathogenesis of Equine encephalitis
Enters blood and infects dendritic cells Primary viremia, second viremia that enters the CNS (infects neurons)
72
Histo lesions of Equine encephalitis
Neuronal necrosis of neuronophagia Nonnuclear inflamm. cells
73
Dx of Equine encephalitis
IgM ELISA (acute disease) of serum and CSF confirmed by VN and HAI RT-PCR, IF and IHC
74
DD of Equine encephalitis
West nile (flavi causing encephalomyelitis) Saint Louis Encephalitis (Flavi, no CS) Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (sarcocystis neurona- localized strips of sweating muscle atrophy) Nigropallidal encephalomalacia Herpes 1 and 4
75
Vx of Equine encephalitis
Inactivated vx Horses vx annually Foals @ 3, 4 and 6m of age
76
Core viral vx of horses
EEE, WEE, West nile, rabies *noncore: equine influenza, equine herpes, EVA*
77
Flaviviridae causes ________________
West Nile Virus
78
Transmission of West Nile Virus
Arthropod-born Wild birds susceptible to fatal infection Other birds reservoir Horses dead end hosts
79
The mosquito vector of West Nile Virus is ________
Culex
80
CS of West Nile Virus
Neurological signs: depression, head tremors, ataxia Low morbidity, high mortality
81
Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus
Low titer viremia and CNS lesions (brain and SC of scattered foci of neuronal necrosis and lymphocytic encephalomyelitis
82
Dx of West Nile Virus
IgM ELISA (acute disease) Postmortem: RT-PCR, ICH of tissue from brain Invitros isolation of mosquito cells iwht RT-PCR or ICH
83
Vx of West Nile Virus
Live attenuated recombinant canarypox, DNA vx and inactivated vx

.infection & immunity (12 decks)

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