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.infection & immunity > Small ruminant viral diseases > Flashcards

Small ruminant viral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Reoviridae causes __________ in small ruminants

A

Bluetongue virus
genus: orbivirus

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2
Q

Bluetongue virus

A

RNA virus
25 serotypes due to genetic drift and shift

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3
Q

Which species does Bluetongue affect?

A

Certain breeds of sheep
Domestic cattle, white-tailed deer and goats (asymptomatic)

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4
Q

Bluetongue transmission

A

Biting insects (Culicoids spp.) in late summer/ autumn
Colostrum
Semen in bulls

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5
Q

Pathogenesis of bluetongue

A

SC inoculation → lungs, spleen, LNs → replication in macros, DCs and vasc endothelium → hemorrhage prolonged edema

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6
Q

CS of bluetongue

A

Fever, hyperemia in oral cavity, excess salivation, frothing, purulent nasal discharge
Severe: cyanotic

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7
Q

How does bluetongue lead to death

A

With resp. distress from the pulmonary edema and bronchopneumonia

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8
Q

Lesions of bluetongue

A

Ulceration and hemorrhage in oral cavity
Severe muscle degeneration with toricollis
Lungs filled with frothy fluid
Pericardial and pleural effusion
Edema in head and neck
Hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery
Multifocal necrosis of the myocardium
Coronary bands (become hyperemic)

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9
Q

Coronary bands associated with bluetongue

A

Coronary bands become hyperemic → pain leading to recumbency → hyperemia of skin leads to wool break weeks later

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10
Q

Bluetongue in pregnancy ewes

A

May abort
Malformed lambs or calves show hydranecephaly or porencephaly → ataxia and blindness at birth

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11
Q

DX of bluetongue

A

Samples of washed blood cells (lung or spleen)
RT-PCR*
Competitive ELISA*

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12
Q

Competitive ELISA

A

Blocks by competition
Patient Abs compete with tagged commercial specific Abs then block them from binding to VP7Ag (color reduced)

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13
Q

Bluetongue vx

A

Inactivated* and live-attenuated vx
US monovalent modified live

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14
Q

Paramyxoviridae causes _______ in small ruminants

A

Peste des petits ruminants
genus: morbillivirus

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15
Q

Peste des petits ruminants

A

In Africa, Middle East and Asia
RNA virus

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16
Q

Peste des petits ruminants transmission

A

Close contact with infected animals, in secretion for several days

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17
Q

Who is affected by Peste des petits ruminants

A

Goats and sheep (young animals) more severe

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18
Q

CS of Peste des petits ruminants

A

Fever2-8 days after infection
Anorexia, nasal and ocular discharges
Necrotic stomatitis and gingivitis and diarrhea
Bronchopneumonia

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19
Q

Pathogenesis of Peste des petits ruminants

A

Viremia, leukopenia, systemic
Infection of lymphos, macros and intestinal epithelium

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20
Q

Lesions of Peste des petits ruminants

A

Extensive erosion and necrosis in the alimentary tract, intestinal pneumonia and enlarged LNs

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21
Q

Dx of Peste des petits ruminants

A

Reverse transcription PCR**
Competitive ELISA

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22
Q

Vx of Peste des petits ruminants

A

Attenuated PPR vx prepared in vero cell culture

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23
Q

Flaviviridae causes ______________-

A

Border disease
genus: pestivirus

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24
Q

Border disease

A

Hairy shaker disease or Fuzzy lamb syndrome
RNA disease
Congenital abnormalities

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25
Q

Which animals are affected by Border disease?

A

Non-domesticated sheep and goats (wild animals reservoir)
Reported in goats, pigs and cattle

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26
Q

CS of border disease

A

Congential disorder of lambs
Low birth weight, tremors, abortion in ewes

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27
Q

Border disease transmission

A

Direct contact between sheep (persistently infected carrier animals)
BVD serotypes shed in all secretions and excretions

28
Q

Pathology of Border disease

A

Adult sheep subclinical
Immunological tolerance
Persistent infection, seronegative lambs

29
Q

Pathology of pregnant ewes with Border disease

A

Early: (10-30 days) → fetal death, resorption or mummification (placentitis)
Mid: (40-60 days) → myelin deficiency (oligodendrocyte destruction) → teratogenic abnormalities
Late: Effective immune response
Hairy fleece

30
Q

Dx of border disease

A

CS and history
ELISA/ IF, serological assays and RT-PCR (viral Ag)

31
Q

Poxviridae causes _______________

A

Orf virus (contagious ecthyma/ contagious pustular dermatitis), genus: parapoxvirus
Sheeppox/goatpox virus, genus: capripoxvirus

32
Q

Orf virus

A

DNA virus, zoonotic
“Scabby Mouth”
In sheep and goats (more severe)

33
Q

CS of Orf virus

A

Lesion of muzzle, lips, eyelids, feet and teats
Papules to pustules then crusts to bleeding
1-4 w, heals without scar

34
Q

Vx of Orf virus

A

Non-attenuated vx derived from infected scabs or cell culture
Vx during outbreak, not orf-free farms

35
Q

Sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

High mortality in young and immunologically naiive animals
Most impt due to economic loss

36
Q

Transmission of sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

Aerosol and biting arthropods
Enters small skin wounds and scabs formed (shedding still infective for several months)

37
Q

CS of sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

Fever, ↑ RR, edema of eyelids and nasal discharge
Skin nodules below the tail
Skin lesions proliferative for 3-4 w thenleads permanent depressed scar

38
Q

Lesions of sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

Ulceration in mouth
Lungs: multicentric pulmonary fibrosis

39
Q

Pathogenesis of sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

Tropism for epithelial cells
Tracheal congestion and patchy discoloration of lungs
Spleen and LNs enlarged with necrosis

40
Q

Histo lesions of sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

Necrosis with depletion of lymphos of spleen and LNs

41
Q

Dx sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

EM
Cell cultures
IHC, cytoplasmic IBs and PCR

42
Q

Immunity and control of sheeppox/ goatpox virus

A

Exclusion of animals (free countries)
Vx with attenuated or inactivated vx (enzootic areas)
Lumpy skin virus vx

43
Q

Retroviridae causes _________________

A

Caprine Arthritis (encephalitis virus)
Visna-Maedi (europe) and Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (USA)
genus: lentivirus
Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis virus (Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus)
genus: betaretrovirus

44
Q

Caprine Arthritis (encephalitis virus)

A

Dairy goats (80%)
2 syndromes: encephalomyelitis (2-4m) and arthritis (12m)

45
Q

CS of Caprine Arthritis

A

CNS disease: progressive leukoencephalomyeltits with ascending paralysis
Arthritis (joints swollen and painful)
Bursae (atlanto-occipital, tendon sheets with fluid)
Udder: lymphocytic mastitis

46
Q

Pathology of Caprine Arthritis

A

Lymphoproliferative with degenerative mononulcear cell infiltration
CNS: focal malacia (softening), mononuclear cell inflamm.

47
Q

Dx of Caprine Arthritis

A

ELISA of agar gel diffusion (Virus-specific Abs)
PCR

48
Q

Transmission of Caprine Arthritis

A

Neonates: colostrum or milk (infected macros)
Older: direct contact with saliva, urogenital secretions and feces

49
Q

DD of Caprine Arthritis

A

Arthritis
Progressive paresis and paralysis in kids
Pulmonary form (caseous lymphadentitis)

50
Q

Visna-Maedi

A

2 viruses: visna (wasting neurological) and Maedi (progressive form, lung and dyspnea)

51
Q

CS of Visna-Maedi

A

Rarely in sheep (<3 y)
Incubation of up to 8 y
Slight weakness of hind legs, stumble or fall, abort or deliver weak lambs

52
Q

Progressive form of Visna-Maedi

A

WL, dyspnea → paraplegia
Head jerk with inspiration, nostrils flared with nasal discharge and cough

53
Q

Visna-Maedi transmission

A

Infected ewes to nursing lambs through colostrum and milk macros
Direct from nasal or sexual

54
Q

Pathogenesis of Visna-Maedi

A

Droplet infection via resp. tract with monocytes- associated viremia

55
Q

Visna-Maedi CNS lesions

A

Demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis scattered
Infiltrated with lymphos, plasma cells and macros
Perivascular cuffing
Neuronal necrosis
Malacia

56
Q

Lesions of Maedi

A

Lungs consolidated
Show ribs impression
Pale parenchyma, small grey foci and rubbery texture
Enlarged bronchial and mediastinal LNs
Indurative mastitis

57
Q

Histo of Maedi

A

Hyperplasia of fibrous tissue and muscle of alveolar septa and mononuclear cell inflamm. infiltration
Interstitial pneumonia with lymphoid nodules

58
Q

Dx of Visna-Maedi

A

Gel immunodiffusion and ELISA and WB
PCR
Co-cultivation of PBMCs

59
Q

Immunity and control of Visna-Maedi

A

Virus refractory to immune clearance (retrovirus)
Isolation of lambs from seropositive ewes

60
Q

DD of Visna-Maedi

A

Progressive pneumonia
Neurologic form (visna)

61
Q

Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis Virus (Jaagsiekte retrovirus)

A

Ovine pulmonary carcinoma
Adults: chronic wasting and severe resp. disease
Loss in adult sheep >2y

62
Q

Transmission of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis

A

Aerosols (close contact)
Colostrum and milk

63
Q

CS of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis

A

Progressive dyspnea, anorexia, and cachexia
Neoplastic nodules (proliferating pneumocytes) disseminated in lung, secondary bacterial pneumonia, then death

64
Q

Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis is restricted to the ___________________

A

Lungs
metastasizes to the LNs

65
Q

Lesions of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis

A

Infects pneumocytes
Adenomas or adenocarcinomas

66
Q

Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis Dx

A

No Abs detected against virus
PCR

.infection & immunity (12 decks)

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