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Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Work in progress) > Veterinary Medicine - Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Veterinary Medicine - Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 layers of the tear film and where they’re produced

A

Oily layer - Meibomian glands

Aqueous layer - Lacrimal glands: 2\3 produced in the upper eyelid, 1\3 in the 3rd Eyelid

Mucin layer - Goblet cells in the conjunctiva

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2
Q

Name common causes for third eyelid to be elevated and whether we expect unilateral or bilateral elevation

A

Retrobulbar disease (Abscess, Neoplasia) - unilateral

Dehydration Cachexia (Bilateral)

Pain (Unilateral if local pathology, can be also bilateral)

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3
Q

Define the limbus

A

Where 3 tissues meet: Sclera, Conjunctiva and Cornea

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4
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ciliary bodies?

A

Hold the lens

Produce the aqueous humor

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5
Q

Which of the retinal blood vessels disappear first in retinal degeneration

A

Retinal arterioles

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6
Q

What is the function of the tapetum

A

Improves night vision

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7
Q

Hyperreflective is indicative of..?

A

Retinal thinning (e.g. due to retinal atrophy, retinal scarring)

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8
Q

Hyporeflective retina is indicative of..?

A

Retinal edema (Inflammation)

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9
Q

Blue-colored tapetum can be seen in…?

A

Young puppies (2 months of age)

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10
Q

Retinal pigmented epithelium - dark color might suggest..? Mildly transparent (Can partially see choroidal blood vessels)..? Completely see-through (Choroidal blood vessels completely visible)..?

A

Dark - Dark densely colored fur.

Mildly transparent - Brighter fur color (e.g. light brown).

Transparent - Albino

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11
Q

What are 2 differences in the cat’s optic disc and retinal blood vessels

A

Optic disc is not myelinated (at least portion visible in fundoscopy)

All blood vessels start at the edge of the optic disc and not cross it (as opposed to the retinal veins which do cross in dogs)

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12
Q

Entropion - Clinical signs

A

Blepharospasm

Enophathalmus

Epiphora

Eyelid discoloration

Conjunctivitis

Corneal ulcers (Which can also lead to 2nd Uveitis)

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13
Q

Entropion - Why does it cause epiphora in small brachycephalic breeds?

A

Due to the eyelid caving in and blocking the puncta which drains the tears into the lacrimal duct. Can also be due to pain as with all breeds

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14
Q

Entropion - What are the 2 components of every entropion? how to differentiate between them?

A

Anatomic
Spastic (due to pain)

Local anesthetics

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15
Q

What breeds are predisposed to combined entropion-ectropion (“Diamond-shape”)?

A

Giant breeds

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16
Q

Define distichiasis

A

Cilia originating from the Meibomian gland

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17
Q

Define trichiasis

A

Normal eyelid cilia that turn 180 degrees towards the eye

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18
Q

Define ectopic cilia

A

Ectopic cilia that originates from the inner eyelid (upper eyelid) at 90 degrees towards the eye

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19
Q

Ectopic Cilia - Where is the only location it can be found at

A

Upper eyelid (On the inside)

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20
Q

Define “Stye” and how do you treat it?

A

Meibomitis and subsequent obstruction of the Meibomian gland.

Burst it manually -> Warm compress -> local antibiotics

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21
Q

Post-operative care for eyelid operations

A

Elizabethan collar

Systemic antibiotics

Systemic analgesia
*Systemic - because we don’t want owners to come into contact with the area that was operated on

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22
Q

3 DDs for “Red eye”

A

Conjunctivitis

Uveitis

Glaucoma

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23
Q

Causes for conjunctivitis in dogs

A

Mechanical irritation (Eyelid abnormalities such as Entropion, Distichiasis, Ectopic cilia etc., Foreign body)

Infectious diseases (e.g. Distemper, Leishmaniasis)

KCS

Allergies

Insect bites

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24
Q

Conjunctivitis in dogs - Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause (!)

Local antibiotics

Local anti-inflammatory treatment (NSAIDs\Steroids)

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25
Q

Causes for conjunctivitis in cats

A

Herpes

Chlamydia

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26
Q

Causes for 3rd eyelid elevation (Bilateral)

A

Dehydration

Cachexia

Haws syndrome (cats)

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27
Q

What are the 3 elements of Horner’s syndrome

A

Lowered upper eyelid

3rd Eyelid elevation

Miotic pupil

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28
Q

Define “Cherry eye”

A

Prolapse of the tear gland on the medial side of the 3rd eyelid

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29
Q

What is the most common cause for Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs

A

Primary - Autoimmune disease

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30
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) - Causes

A

Autoimmune disease (Most common)

Neurogenic KCS (Along with Xeromycteria Facial paralysis) - due to otitis interna

Infectious diseases (e.g. Leishmaniasis, Distemper, FHV)

Endocrine (e.g. Hypothyroidism, DM)

Drugs (e.g. TMS (irreversible), Atropine (reversible), Anesthesia)

Ocular causes: Blepharoconjunctivitis, Removal of tear glands (Inappropriate treatment of “Cherry eye”)

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31
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) - Infectious causes (dogs and cats)

A

Leishmaniasis

Canine distemper virus

Feline herpes virus

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32
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) - Diagnosis

A

Schirmer tear test

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33
Q

Schirmer tear test - What are the reference intervals for normal, abnormal

A

<5 mm\min - KCS

5 - 15 mm\min - Suspicious

> 15 mm\min - Normal

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34
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) - Treatment

A

Clean secretions
Artificial tears
Local antibiotics if indicated. Immunosuppression: 1st Line: Cyclosporine A (Excellent) 2nd Line: Tacrolimus

*In neurogenic cases - Pilocarpine (Parasympathomimetic agent)

Parotid duct transposition (Surgical)

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35
Q

Tear-film breakup time test - Used to diagnose what? What is the deficiency?

A

Qualitative KCS

Mucin layer (Produced by the goblet cells in the bulbar conjunctiva)

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36
Q

2 General Causes for Epiphora

A

Excess production (e.g. due to irritation, Pain, foreign body, Eyelid abnormalities)

Drainage block

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37
Q

Epiphora due to drainage block - Common causes

A

Congenital (e.g. Imperforate puncta, Micropuncta)

Dacryocystitis

Entropion

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38
Q

Tear stain syndrome - Common breeds (Dogs and cats)

A

Brachycephalic dogs and cats, Miniature dogs

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39
Q

Tear stain syndrome - Common cause in affected breeds (Dogs and cats)

A

Brachycephalic and miniature dogs - Entropion causes corneal irritation and medial entropion also causes blockage of the nasolacrimal duct

Brachycephalic cats - Congenital abnormal kinking of nasolacrimal duct

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40
Q

Epiphora - Diagnosis

A

Full ophthalmic exam to look for causes for excessive tear production

Nasolacrimal duct blockage:
-Florecin flushing (“Jones test”).
-Cannulation through the upper puncta (diagnostic and possibly also curative)

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41
Q

Corneal ulcers - What are the 2 types of vascularizations that occur in order to facilitate repair? What are their origins?

A

Superficial (Conjunctiva)

Deep (Ciliary bodies)

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42
Q

What other pathology can always accompany corneal ulcers and should require consideration and prophylactic treatment?

A

Anterior uveitis

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43
Q

Corneal ulcers - Epithelial defect - Usually doesn’t stain with florecin (Which only stains exposed stroma). How can you stain it and what is a common cause for epithelial defects in certain animals?

A

Rose Bengal

FHV in cats

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44
Q

Corneal ulcers - Desmatocoel - How would it appear with florecin staining

A

Only the periphery of the ulcer is stained while the center remains black (no stroma left)

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45
Q

Corneal ulcers - Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause

Local Systemic antibiotics (Depending on severity)

Inhibit proteolysis in melting ulcers (Local: Tetracycline\Serum\Plasma)

Treat 2nd uveitis: NSAIDs, Atropine.

Elizabethan collar

Contact lenses

For deep and severe ulcers: Surgical intervention (e.g. Conjunctival flap)

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46
Q

Why is Atropine indicated in uveitis (2nd to corneal ulcers or otherwise) - 2 reasons

A

Analgesia (Iridial spasms are painful)

Mydriasis (to prevent glaucoma 2nd to uveitis)

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47
Q

A Corneal ulcer has not started healing after 2 days of treatment. What are your next diagnostic steps

A

C&S (Pseudomonas? Chlamydia?)

Cytology (Bacteria? Fungus?)

Check for Boxer ulcers

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48
Q

2 Possible sequelas to Persistent Pupillary Membrane

A

Focal cataract if PPM attaches to the lens

Corneal opacity and edema if PPM attaches to the cornea

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49
Q

3 Common causes for diffuse corneal edema (“Blue Eye”)

A

Glaucoma

Anterior uveitis

Anterior lens luxation

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50
Q

Lipid keratopathy - How does it Look Like? What are the general causes & common DDs

A

Arcus Lipidosis - Crescent moon shape on the periphery of the cornea

Hypertriglyceridemia\Hypercholesterolemia: Cushing’s disease, Hypothyroidism, DM, Pancreatitis

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51
Q

Corneal degeneration - Causes

A

Ocular Inflammation (e.g. Uveitis, Keratitis)

Systemic hypercalcemia

Hypophosphatemia

Hypervitaminosis D

Uremia

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52
Q

Pannus - Predisposed breeds

A

German shepherd

Belgian Malinois

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53
Q

Pannus - Treatment

A

Reduce UV exposure

Topical steroids

Cyclosporine\Tacrolimus

Superficial Keratectomy

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54
Q

Anterior uveitis - causes in dogs (Bilateral)

A

Infectious diseases (e.g. Leishmaniasis, Ehrlichiosis, Leptospirosis, Toxoplasmosis, Canine adenovirus, Distemper, Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis).

Idiopathic - Most common cause (~50% of cases)

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55
Q

Anterior Uveitis - Common causes (Unilateral)

A

2nd to Corneal ulcers

Trauma

Neoplasia

2nd to Cataract (Lens-induced uveitis)

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56
Q

Anterior Uveitis - Clinical signs

A

Blepharospasm

3rd Eyelid elevation (Pain)

Miosis

Conjunctival hyperemia

Corneal edema (“Blue Eye”)

Congested iris

Aqueous flare

Hypopyon, Hyphema, Fibrin, Keratic\Phakic precipitates

Posterior synechia

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57
Q

Anterior Uveitis - Possible complications

A

Iris bombe

Glaucoma

Cataract (In cats)

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58
Q

Anterior Uveitis - Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause (!!)

NSAIDs\Steroids (Depending if 2nd to corneal ulcer) - Local\Systemic (Depending on severity)

Atropine (Mydriasis, Analgesia)

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) for preventing\dissolving fibrin adhesions

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59
Q

Hyphema - Causes

A

Trauma

Uveitis

Coagulopathies (Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytopathy, Decrease in coagulation factors)

Hypertension

Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Neoplasia

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60
Q

Hyphema - Treatment

A

Same as Uveitis: Treat the primary Issue!

Mydriatics

NSAIDs\Steroids

61
Q

“Red eye” + “Blue eye” - Causes

A

Glaucoma

Uveitis

62
Q

Normal IOP in dogs

A

15-25 mmHg

63
Q

Which 2 animals have a relatively high amount of unconventional drainage of aqueous humor?

A

Horses

Cats

64
Q

What are the 2 Main Differences between Primary and Secondary Glaucoma?

A

1) Primary - Both eyes are predisposed (might first manifest unilaterally and later become bilateral).

Secondary - Mainly unilateral disease

2) Primary - Life-long treatment.

Secondary - Treat underlying cause and glaucoma resolves

65
Q

Primary Glaucoma - How long does it usually take for a unilateral presentation to become bilateral?

A

6-10 months

66
Q

Secondary Glaucoma - Causes (Explain the mechanisms)

A

Lens luxation:
1) Anterior - Lens blocks the drainage directly)
2) Posterior - The Vitreal body bulges out and blocks the drainage.

Uveitis:
1) Inflammatory infiltrate and debris accumulates and blocks the drainage
2) Posterior Synechia

Neoplasia

67
Q

Glaucoma - Diagnosis

A

Tonometry (Measures IOP)

Gonioscopy (Examine both eyes!)

68
Q

Glaucoma - Clinical signs

A

Fixed dilated pupil (due to retinal damage or damage to the pupillary constrictor muscle)

Buphthalmus

Pain

Episcleral injection (“Red eye”)

Corneal edema (“Blue eye”)

Striate Keratopathy

Lens luxation

Retinal atrophy

69
Q

Glaucoma - Low IOP in end stage glaucoma - How can that be possible?

A

High IOP eventually destroys the ciliary body which produces the aqueous humor - leading to a drop in IOP

70
Q

Glaucoma - When a dog presents with a unilateral presentation - What is the most important thing to remember

A

If it is suspected to be primary - don’t forget to treat the other eye as well!

71
Q

Glaucoma - Treatment (Medical)

A

*Mannitol (In acute crisis)

PGF2a analogues (Increases unconventional drainage)

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Inhibits production of aqueous humor)

Beta blocker (Decreases blood flow to the eye)

Pilocarpine (Parasympathomimetic - Opens the Angle)

72
Q

Which is worse - Exophthalmos or Proptosis?

A

Proptosis

The eye’s equator is beyond the equator of the orbit

73
Q

Proptosis (Prolapse) - Which has a worse prognosis - Dog or Cat

A

Cat

74
Q

Proptosis (Prolapse) - Which has a worse prognosis - Brachycephalic or non-brachycephalic breeds?

A

Non-brachycephalic

75
Q

Proptosis (Prolapse) - What is the surgical procedure performed in cases of lateral strabismus

A

Medial Canthoplasty

76
Q

Proptosis (Prolapse) - First aid until reaching the vet

A

Keep the globe wet with Vaseline\Wet towel

77
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing the cause for Exophthalmos?

A

Imaging - US CT

78
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing Buphthalmus?

A

Tonometry (IOP Measurement)

79
Q

Exophthalmos - 2 Main causes

A

Retrobulbar abscess

Retrobulbar neoplasia

80
Q

Ocular Retropulsion - A technique used to differentiate between which 2 pathologies? Explain the possible results of the test

A

Exophthalmos and Buphthalmus (Glaucoma)

If the eye is successfully pushed back -> Buphthalmus

If not -> Exophthalmos - due to a retrobulbar mass

81
Q

Retrobulbar Abscess - 2 Main causes

A

Foreign body

Oro-Ocular fistula

82
Q

Exophthalmos - Acute and painful = ? (AbscessNeoplasia)

A

Retrobulbar abscess

83
Q

Exophthalmos - Chronic and not painful = ? (AbscessNeoplasia)

A

Retrobulbar neoplasia

84
Q

Cataract - What endocrine disease causes cataract in dogs?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

85
Q

Cataract- What are the 4 stages of cataract

A

Incipient - Focal opacity

Immature - Involves most of the lens but Tapetal reflection can still be seen

Mature - Lens is completely opaque

Hypermature - Lens starts to break down

86
Q

Cataract - At which stage of maturity does Lens-induced uveitis usually starts?

A

Mature

87
Q

Cataract - In which stage of maturity is it best to operate on?

A

Immature

88
Q

Cataract - What disease is closely genetically linked to hereditary cataract

A

Progressive Retinal Atrophy

89
Q

Cataract - What are the 4 considerations before performing cataract surgery

A

1) Maturity stage (Best - Immature)

2) Retinal function (Verify with ERG)

3) Concurrent diseases (e.g. Lens-induced uveitis, DM)

4) Owner compliance (Post-op care for Lens-induced uveitis)

90
Q

Cataract - What are the main complications for untreated cataract (Also untreated post-op cataract)

A

Uveitis -> Glaucoma -> Phthisis Bulbi

91
Q

Lens-luxation - Causes

A

Hereditary

Trauma

Age

Uveitis

Glaucoma

92
Q

Anterior Lens Luxation - 3 Prominent clinical signs\Complications

A

Acute pain

Corneal edema

Glaucoma (Posterior lens luxation can also cause it if vitreous bulges out)
*Glaucoma can either be a complication of lens luxation or the cause of it.

93
Q

Lens Luxation - What is a good prophylactic treatment for lens sub luxation. Why?

A

PGF2a analogue (e.g. Latanoprost)

Causes miosis (In addition to increasing unconventional draining) - So that if the lens ultimately luxates - it will luxate posteriorly (which is the better outcome)

94
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of hereditary retinal disease

A

Chronic progressive onset

Loss of night vision first

No additional neurological\systemic clinical signs

95
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of secondary\acquired retinal disease

A

Acute onset

No difference between night\day vision

Additional neurological\systemic clinical signs

96
Q

If the funduspupil can not be visualized (e.g. Hyphema) - What 2 tests (part of the ophthalmic exam) assist in assessing retinal function

A

PLR (Consensual)

Dazzle reflex

97
Q

Positive PLRDazzle reflex = The animal can see (TF)

A

False

1) Theses are sub-cortical reflexes and said animal can still have cortical blindness

2) Very minimal amount of light is required for positive results

98
Q

Arrange in the proper order of execution when performing an ophthalmic exam: IOP Measurement, STT, PLR, Tropicamide Administration. Explain the reasoning

A

1) STT

2) IOP

3) PLR

4) Tropicamide - Might affect the other 3, so administer last. 15 Minutes later - perform a fundic exam.

99
Q

The blind patient - Normal ophthalmic exam + Normal PLR (Location + Causes)

A

Cortical lesion (e.g. MUE, Neoplasia, Infections)

100
Q

The blind patient - Abnormal ophthalmic exam + Normal PLR (Locations + Causes)

A

Eyelids to Retina (e.g. Corneal edema, Anterior uveitis, Hypopyon, Hyphema, Cataract, Retinal degeneration, Chorioretinitis)

101
Q

The blind patient - Abnormal ophthalmic exam + Lack of PLR (Locations + Causes)

A

Retina (e.g. Glaucoma, Retinal detachment, Proximal optic neuritis)

102
Q

The blind patient - Normal ophthalmic exam + Lack of PLR (Locations + Causes)

A

Diseases affecting the proximal tract and optic chiasma

Distal optic neuritis

SARDS

103
Q

Retinal hemorrhage - Causes

A

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopathy

Decrease in coagulation factors

Hypertension

Hyperviscosity syndrome

Posterior uveitis

Trauma

104
Q

Posterior Uveitis (Chorioretinitis) - What mainly causes it in the dog (Name the category of causes). What are the common causes in cats (Specific diseases)

A

Dog - Infectious diseases

Cat - FIV, FeLV, FIP, Toxoplasmosis, Idiopathic

105
Q

Posterior Uveitis (Chorioretinitis) - Possible complication

A

Retinal bleeding edema => Retinal detachment => Blindness

106
Q

Posterior Uveitis (Chorioretinitis) - Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause!

If not possible - Systemic NSAIDs\Steroids

107
Q

Retinal Detachment - Pathogenesis (3)

A

1) Accumulation of sub-retinal fluid (Exudate Edema Bleeding)

2) Tractional detachment (e.g. Anterior lens-luxation, Chorioretinitis)

3) Rhegmatogenous detachment - Hole in retina + Liquification of the vitreous = the vitreous pours into the hole and detaches the retina. Hereditary disease found in certain breeds such as Shih-Tzu, Whippet)

108
Q

Retinal Detachment - PLR Result

A

Negative - Fixed dilated pupil

Consensual PLR - No response either

109
Q

Retinal Detachment - Diagnosis

A

Fundus exam

US

110
Q

SARDS - Name the acronym

A

Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome

111
Q

SARDS - Signalment and what endocrine it mimics

A

Middle-age to old female dogs
Over-weight
Generally <15kg

Cushing’s disease

112
Q

SARDS - Ophthalmological findings. ERG results

A

Fixed dilated pupil

Negative menace response

Negative PLR (Direct and consensual)

In the acute stage - no additional abnormalities in the ocular exam. With time - signs of retinal degeneration (tapetal hyperreflectivity, vascular attenuation, and atrophy of the optic nerve).

Negative ERG (standard one. Positive response to blue light).

113
Q

4 DDs for acute blindness and fixed, dilated pupils

A

Glaucoma

Retinal detachment

SARDS

Optic neuritis

114
Q

Distal optic neuritis & SARDS - What are the common findings in an ophthalmic examination? How to differentiate between the two?

A

Normal eye and lack of PLR (Fixed, dilated pupil).

ERG: SARDS - Negative. Optic neuritis - Positive

115
Q

Optic neuritis - Treatment

A

Treat underlying cause (e.g. Infectious diseases, Neurological diseases etc.)

Systemic NSAIDs\Steroids

116
Q

Progressive Retinal Atrophy - Diagnosis (4 Elements)

A

1) History: Progressive onset, Loss of night vision (Nyctalopia) => Loss of daytime vision => Blindness

2) Ophthalmic exam: Hyperreflective retina, Retinal vasculature attenuation, Optic nerve atrophy, Dilated pupils (Positive PLR or diminished)

3) ERG

4) Genetic Testing

117
Q

Progressive Retinal Atrophy - Diagnosis (Gold standard)

A

ERG

118
Q

Cats - Most common eyelid pathology

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

119
Q

Neonatal Ophthalmia in kittens - Treatment

A

Manually open eyelids

Flush

Topical antibiotics

Artificial tears

120
Q

What is Haws syndrome? Treatment?

A

Idiopathic elevation of both 3rd eyelids in cats

Not necessary - Self-limiting

121
Q

3 DDs for bilateral elevation of both eyelids in cats

A

Dehydration

Weight loss

Haws syndrome

122
Q

Main cause of KCS in cats

A

FHV-1

123
Q

KCS in Cats - Pathogenesis (4)

A

FHV-1 Does the following:

1) Damages the tear glands

2) Scarring of the draining ducts of the tear glands

3) Damages the corneal Trigeminal sensory nerve => Less blinking

4) Destroys conjunctival goblet cells => Loss of mucin layer (Qualitative KCS)

124
Q

KCS in Cats - Treatment

A

Artificial tears

125
Q

FHV-1 - Clinical Signs

A

Conjunctivitis

Keratitis

Corneal ulcers

Symblepharon

Sequestrum

Rhinitis

Stomatitis

Stromal keratitis (In recurrent disease)

126
Q

Eosinophilic Keratopathy - Major DD to..?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

127
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy - 2 Most common causes in cats

A

CKD

Hyperthyroidism

128
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy - Treatment of choice

A

Amlodipine

129
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy - Prognosis

A

Good. 60% of eyes regain menace response due to retinal reattachment. 50% of them in 3 weeks, 25% in 2 months

130
Q

Anterior uveitis - causes in cats (Bilateral)

A

FIV

FeLV

FIP

Toxoplasmosis

131
Q

Proptosis (Prolapse) - Prognostic indicators

A

Animal (Cats worse than dogs)

Breed (Non-brachycephalic worse than brachycephalic)

Number of damaged extra-ocular muscles (Prognosis worsens as more muscles are involved)

Additional ocular damage\Pathologies (e.g. Hyphema, Lens luxation, Retinal detachment)

Additional extra-ocular trauma (e.g. head trauma)

132
Q

SARDS - What is a special tool that can help achieve diagnosis?

A

Chromatic PLR: No response to red light - but blue light does induce a response

133
Q

What is the name of the tool that can assist in checking if the irido-corneal angle is open or closed?

A

Goniolens

134
Q

Glaucoma - Clinical signs

A

Lethargy (Painful)

Conjunctival hypermia

Corneal edema

Mydriasis

Striated keratopathy

Buphthalmus

Fixed-dilated pupil, Absent-menace response, Lens-luxation

135
Q

Glaucoma - What is the Most Useful drug in Acute Glaucoma?

A

Latanoprost (PGF2a)

136
Q

Glaucoma - What does striations signify? What is the prognosis to the vision?

A

Chronic glaucoma

Poor - Vision most likely gone

137
Q

Glaucoma - What is the preferred long term medical treatment composed of?

A

PGF2a (e.g. latanoprost)

Beta Blocker (e.g. Timolol)

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

138
Q

Glaucoma - Medical treatment is starting to fail. What are your surgical options?

A

cyclophotocoagulation laser treatment

Aqueous humor shunt

Prosthesis

Enucleation

139
Q

Glaucoma - Why is prophylactic treatment in the non-affected eye important in primary glaucoma?

A

You can buy more time for the 2nd Eye - 8 months => 2.5 years

140
Q

Cataracts - What are the 3 main categories by which we classify cataracts?

A

Etiology: Genetic / Diabetes / Inflammatory

Location: Capsular / Cortical / Nuclear

Degree of Maturity: Incipient / Immature / Mature / Hypermature

141
Q

Cataracts - Possible sequalas

A

Lens-induced uveitis

Glaucoma

Lens luxation

Retinal detachment

142
Q

Cataracts - 3 Main pre-op evaluations needed

A

ERG (Primary PRA)

US (Evaluate retina and lens)

Blood work (DM / Pre-anesthesia)

143
Q

Cataract - Post op treatment & what to monitor

A

Topical steroids

Systemic NSAIDs

Topical AB

Monitor: Fundic exam (Retinal Detachment) | IOP (Uveitis)

144
Q

What is the best drug to use when wanting to perform a Fundic exam (mydriatic)? What do we need to check before using it?

A

Tropicamide

Full ophthalmic exam to check for: Glaucoma (IOP)
Lens (Sub)Luxation
Uveitis (IOP)
KCS (STT).

All of these can be affected or caused by Tropicamide

145
Q

What is the name of a specific retinal structure that cats use to hyper focus their vision? Where is it located? What is the cause for retinal degeneration that originates from that location?

A

Area Centralis

Temporal aide of the optic disc

Taurine deficiency

146
Q

What is the one pathognomonic finding on the retina in SARDS that you might find if you are very lucky?

A

Arteriolar Boxcarring (Strictures)

147
Q

Undulating KCS - What is the Common Breed and what is the defining mark of the disease?

A

WHWT

“Mountain response” to Tacrolimus / Cyclosporine - Ever-changing STT results

148
Q

What is unique about KCS in German shepherds?

A

No pathological signs! no pigment / vasculature / corneal ulcers.

Just low STT and tear production

Response to treatment is poor

149
Q

What is the PLR Response in SARDS (2 Parts)

A

Normal white light - Positive PLR But slow

Blue light - Positive

Red - Negative

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Work in progress) (17 decks)

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