Veterinary Medicine - Differential Diagnosis Lists Flashcards
Plural Transudate
-Congestive heart failure (Dogs usually R-CHF, Cats - Usually L-CHF). -Hypoalbuminemia. -Portal hypertension (typically post-sinusoidal).
Abdominal Transudate
-Hypoalbuminemia -Portal Hypertension (typically pre-sinusoidal)
Pleural Exudate - Septic
-Foreign body -Ruptured esophagus -Parapneumonic spread -Neoplasia (with 2nd infection) -Puncture wound (trauma, bite) -Hematogenic spread
Hyperkalemia
-Uroperitoneum (typically due to rupture of bladder / urethera / ureter) -Post-renal urinary obstruction -AKI/CKD (with CKD hypokalemia more frequentlly obsevrved) -Addison’s disease -Rhabdomyolysis -Tumor lysis syndrome -Pseudo (hemolysis/thrombus/K-EDTA) -Metabolic acidosis -Reperfusion Injury -ACE-i, K-Sparing diuretics -Loss to third spaces -Salmonellosis -Iatrogenic (over-supplementation)
Hypernatremia (increased intake)
-Salt poisoning -Iatrogenic (Hypertonic saline / NaHCO3)
Hypernatremia (pure water loss)
-Adypsia / No access to water -Diabetes Insipidus (Central/Nephrogenic) -Fever -High Environmental Temp -Burns
Hypernatremia (hypotonic fluid loss)
UNFINNISHED —Extra-Renal— -GI (vomiting, diarrhea, obstruction) -Third space losses -Cutaneous (Burns) —Renal— -Non oliguric AKI -CKD -Post-obstruction diuresis -Osmotic Diuresis (DM, Mannitol)
Hypoalbuminemia
Decreased production: -Liver failure -Negative acute phase protein Loses: -Acute bleeding -PLN -PLE -Malabsorption/Maldigestion -GI parasites -Exudative skin lesions -Burns -Vasculitis Increased consumption/ Misc.: -Addison’s disease -Lactation -Cachexia
Eosinophilia
-Hyper-sensitivity complex / allergies -Neoplasia (e.g. MCT) -Parasites -Addison’s disease Misc. *Eosinophilic Bronchopneumonia *Eosinophilic IBD
Hypocholesterolemia
-Addison’s disease -Liver failure -Protein-losing enteropathies -Lymphangiectasis -EPI -Snake envenomation -Multiple myeloma
Abdominal Exudate - Septic
-Puncture wound -GI perforation -Infected tumor -Abscess (e.g. Splenic/Hepatic/Prostatic) -Septic bile/urine -Hematogenic spread -Ruptured pyometra
Gammopathy
Monoclonal: -Neoplasia (e.g. Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoid Leukemia) -Chronic Infections (e.g. Ehrlichiosis/Leishmania/FIP) Polyclonal: -Infections (e.g. Ehrlichiosis/Leishmania) -Non-Infectious Inflammation -Neoplasia (Lymphoma)
Hypercalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism -Addison’s Disease -Renal (CKD ) -Vitamin D toxicosis -Osteomyelitis -Neoplasia -Granuloma -Idiopathic
Neutrophilia
-Bacterial infection -Inflammation -Stress leukogram -Cushing’s disease -Leukemoid reaction -Congenital (e.g. Canine leukocyte adhesion defeciet)
Eosinophilia
-Hyper-sensitivity complex / allergies -Neoplasia (e.g. MCT) -Parasites -Addison’s disease. Misc. *Eosinophilic Bronchopneumonia *Eosinophilic IBD
Epistaxis
Systemic: -Thrombocytopenia -Thrombocytopathy -Coagulopathies -Hypertension -Hyperviscosity syndrome Local: -Foreign body -Infection/Inflammation -Neoplasia -Polyps
High Urea
-Azotemia (Dehydration/Renal/Urinary Obstruction/Urinary Tract Rupture) -High protein diet -GI bleeding -Catabolic states (e.g. Steroids, Infection, Neoplasia, Fever)
Low Urea
-Liver failure -Liver shunts -Low B12 -Low Arginine (Cat) -Low Protein Diet -Urease-producing bacteria in the blood
High ALP
-Cholestasis (hepatobiliary pathologies, pancreatitis, duodenal papillary obstruction) *Common in cats - Hepatic lipidosis -Animals during their bone development period -Drugs (e.g. Steroids (Dog), Phenobarbital -Endocrine diseases (e.g. DM, Cushing’s disease, Hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease) -Osteopathies
Hyperphosphatemia
-AKI/CKD -Urinary obstruction -Uroperitoneum -Vitamin D toxicosis -Hypoparathyroidism -Animals during their bone development period -Acidosis -Phosphate enema. Rare causes: -Rhabdomyolysis -Tumor Lysis Syndrome -Hemolysis
Hypophosphatemia
Translocation: -Alkalosis -Refeeding syndrome -Insulin administration. Increased Loss: -Hyperparathyroidism -Eclampsia -Renal tubular disorders. Decreased GI Absorption: -Vitamin D Deficiency -Phosphate Binders -Dietary Deficiency
Abdominal Transudate
-Foreign body. -Ruptured esophagus. -Parapneumonic spread. -Neoplasia (with 2nd infection). -Puncture wound (trauma, bite). -Hematogenic spread.
Hypophosphatemia
Translocation: -Alkalosis -Refeeding syndrome -Insulin administration. Increased Loss: -Hyperparathyroidism -Eclampsia -Renal tubular disorders. Decreased GI Absorption: -Vitamin D Deficiency -Phosphate Binders -Dietary Deficiency
Hypocalcemia
Common: -Hypoparathyroidism -Eclampsia -Hypoalbuminemia -AKI/CKD -Pancreatitis -Ethylene glycol toxicity. Less Common: -Rhabdomyolysis (Hyperphosphatemia) -Tumor Lysis Syndrome (Hyperphosphatemia) -Dietary -Hypo-Vitaminosis D
Thrombus Formation
-IMHA -Pancreatitis -Cushing’s Disease / Steroid Administration -Neoplasia -PLN / PLE -HCM/HOCM -SIRS/Sepsis -Hypothyroidism -Liver disease -long recumbency
Pu/ Pd
Endocrine: -Hyperthyroidism -Diabetes Miletus -Diabetes Insipidus -Cushing’s Disease / Steroids -Addison’s Disease (Rare). Renal: -CKD -Pyelonephritis / Leptospira / Pyometra -Tubular Disorders -Post Obstructive Diuresis. Electrolytes: -Hypercalcemia -Hypokalemia -Hypernatremia. Liver Failure.
Hemoptysis
Systemic causes: -Thrombocytopenia -Thrombocytopathy -Decrease in coagulation factors Local causes: -Foreign body -Lung contusion -Infection -Inflammation -Cardiogenic/Non-Cardiogenic Edema -Neoplasia
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet destruction: -Infections (e.g. Babesia, Ehrlichiosis, Leishmaniasis, Anaplasmosis, Hepatozoonosis) -IMT (Primary/Secondary). Consumption: -Bleeding/Vasculitis/DIC. Decreased production (e.g. Myelophthisis, Myelofibrosis, Myelotoxicity). Splenic sequestration
Hypocoagulation
-Hemophilia -Specific Factor Deficiencies -Liver Failure -Rodenticides -DIC -SIRS/Sepsis -Snake Venom -EPI -Lymphangiectasis
Pancytopenia
-Chronic Ehrlichiosis, FeLV -Bone marrow neoplasia -Druga (e.g. TMS, Phenobarbital) -Estrogen treatment / Sertoli cell tumor -Chemotherapy
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet destruction: -Infections (e.g. Babesia, Ehrlichiosis, Leishmaniasis, Anaplasmosis, Hepatozoonosis) -IMT (Primary/Secondary). Consumption: -Bleeding/Vasculitis/DIC. Decreased production (e.g. Myelophthisis, Myelofibrosis, Myelotoxicity). Splenic sequestration
Dysbiosis
Achlorhydria: -PPI administration -Atrophic gastritis. EPI. Motility dysfunction: -Ileus -Partial Obstruction (e.g. Intussusception, Neoplasia). Mucosal Disease: -Chronic inflammatory enteropathies -Infectious enteritis -Lymphangiectasis -Neoplasia
Diarrhea (Extra GI)
-Endocrinopathies: (Addison’s Disease, Hyperthyroidism, DKA ). -Pancreas: Pancreatitis, EPI. -Liver failure / Cholestasis. -Renal (usually only due to severe uremia). -Ileus. -Drugs/ Toxins (e.g. Organic Phosphates). -R-CHF / Portal Hypertension
Diarrhea (Extra GI)
-Endocrinopathies: (Addison’s Disease, Hyperthyroidism, DKA ). -Pancreas: Pancreatitis, EPI. -Liver failure / Cholestasis. -Renal (usually only due to severe uremia). -Ileus. -Drugs/ Toxins (e.g. Organic Phosphates). -R-CHF / Portal Hypertension
Diarrhea (Intra GI - Acute)
-Garbage Intoxication. -Dietary change / Hypersensitivity / Intolerance. -Infections: Viral (Rota, Noro, Corona., AdenoV / Parvo, Distemper, FIV, FelV, FIP) / Protozoa (Giardia, Coccidia, Cryptosporidium), Bacterial (E.Coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Clostridium), Helminths (Ascarids - Toxocara/Toxocaris, Anchylosotoma). -GI Accidents: Intussusception (partial), Foreign body. -AHDS (HGS). -Drugs (e.g. Antibiotics).
Diarrhea (Intra GI - Chronic)
-GI parasites (e.g. worms). -Chronic inflammatory enteropathies. (Antibiotic Responsive, Food Responsive, True IBD) -Dysbiosis. -Neoplasia. -Giardia. -Lymphangiectasis. -Chronic GI accidents: Intussusception, Foreign Body.
Proteinuria
Pre-Renal: Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Bence-Jones proteins, Cushing’s disease. Renal: Glomerulonephritis, Amyloidosis, Tubular damage / defects. Post-Renal: Inflammation (Infection, Neoplasia, Stones), Hemorrhage. **Many other systemic disease processes can cause proteinuria - which can be transient or persistent
Anion Gap Increase
-Lactic Acidosis, Keto-Acidosis. -Kidney Failure (Loss of Bicarbonate). -Toxins (Ethylene Glycol). -Hyperalbuminemia
Hyperosmolality
-Hypernatremia (Dehydration, Hyperaldosteronism). -Hyperglycemia (DM,DKA). -Uremia (AKI,CKD). -Ethylene Glycol
Dysphagia - Pharynx (Mechanical)
-Foreign Body. -Infection - Calicivirus, Herpes. -Inflammation - Pharyngitis, Laryngitis Inflammation due to reflux, corrosive Ingest. -Sialoadenosis. -TMJ Problems. -Abscess, Polyp, Neoplasia. -Stenosis. -Anatomical: Cleft Palate, Elongated Soft Palate, Soft Palate hypo/hyperplasia
Dysphagia - Pharynx (Functional)
-Neurological deficits: involving Medullary cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, 10, 12. Lesion can be either in the medulla itself or peripheral. -Junctionopathy: Organic phosphates (Usually in more chronic exposure), Myasthenia gravis, Botulism, Tetanus. -Muscle: Myositis, Dermatomyositis, Hypothyroidism, Storage diseases. Cricopharyngeal achalasia , Cricopharyngeal asynchrony
Dysphagia - Pharynx (Functional)
-Neurological deficits: involving Medullary cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, 10, 12. Lesion can be either in the medulla itself or peripheral. -Junctionopathy: Organic phosphates (Usually in more chronic exposure), Myasthenia gravis, Botulism, Tetanus. -Muscle: Myositis, Dermatomyositis, Hypothyroidism, Storage diseases. Cricopharyngeal achalasia , Cricopharyngeal asynchrony
Dysphagia - Pharynx (Functional)
-Neurological deficits: involving Medullary cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, 10, 12. Lesion can be either in the medulla itself or peripheral. -Junctionopathy: Organic phosphates (Usually in more chronic exposure), Myasthenia gravis, Botulism, Tetanus. -Muscle: Myositis, Dermatomyositis, Hypothyroidism, Storage diseases. Cricopharyngeal achalasia , Cricopharyngeal asynchrony
Regurgitations - Esophageal (Mechanical)
-Intraluminal: Foreign body. -Intramural: Esophagitis, Stricture, Diverticulum, Neoplasia, S.Lupi (in relevant countries), Upper GI accidents (e.g. Sliding hiatal hernia, Gastro-esophageal intussusception, GDV), LES achalasia. Extra-esophageal: Persistent right aortic arch, Mediastinal disease (e.g. intra thoracic masses, severe lymphadenomegaly, severe thymic enlargement)
Regurgitations - Esophageal (Hypomotility & Megaesophagus)
-Neurological deficits: Primarily CN 9 (CNS or PNS in origin). -Junctionopathy: Myasthenia Gravis, Organic phosphates (Usually chronic exposure), Tetanus, Botulism. -Myopathy: Addison’s disease (rare), Hypothyroidism, Myositis, Dermatomyositis, Storage disease. -Misc.: Idiopathic, Congenital, prolonged mechanical blockage (e.g. due to foreign body, mass)
Regurgitations - Esophageal (Hypomotility & Megaesophagus)
-Neurological deficits: Primarily CN 9 (CNS or PNS in origin). -Junctionopathy: Myasthenia Gravis, Organic phosphates (Usually chronic exposure), Tetanus, Botulism. -Myopathy: Addison’s disease (rare), Hypothyroidism, Myositis, Dermatomyositis, Storage disease. -Misc.: Idiopathic, Congenital, prolonged mechanical blockage (e.g. due to foreign body, mass)
Esophagitis
-Pill-Esophagitis (e.g. Doxycycline). -Reflux (e.g. Anesthesia, Hiatal hernia, Masses/inflammation involving the LES, Secondary to BAOS). -Chronic vomiting. -Corrosive agents. -Esophageal Foreign body
Reflux Esophagitis
-LES Affecting Drugs: Anesthesia, Atropine, Anti-histamines. -Chronic coughs -Chronic vomiting -Secondary to BAOS -Esophageal hernias
Kidney enlargement (Renomegaly)
-AKI. -Nephritis/Pyelonephritis. -Hydronephrosis (e.g. uroliths, stricture). -Perirenal Pseudocyst. -FIP (Usually leading to irregular borders). -Neoplasia (Usually leading to irregular borders). -Amyloidosis. Subcapsular Hematoma/Urine
Small kidneys
-CKD -Kidney atrophy (Infarcts) -Familial renal disease -End stage kidney
Kidney Enlargement (Irregular Borders)
-Neoplasia (e.g. Renal cell carcinoma, Lymphosarcoma, Hemangioma, Nephroblastoma, TCC) -Cyst Granuloma Hematoma Abscess -PKD -FIP
Kidney US - Increased opacity (Diffuse)
-Hypervitaminosis D -Hyperparathyroidism -Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia -CKD -Ethylene Glycol Poisoning -Cushing’s Disease
Splenomegaly (Diffuse)
-Systemic infections (e.g. Babesiosis Leishmaniasis, Mycoplasma, Brucellosis). -Neoplasia (Mainly round-cell tumors. e.g. MCT, Lymphoma), Histiocytosis. -Drugs (e.g. Barbiturates). -Congestion: R-CHF, Portal hypertension, Venous thrombosis, Splenic torsion. -Immune-mediated cell destruction ( e.g. IMT, IMHA, IMN). -Focal/Multi focal enlargement: Cyst, Hematoma, Abscess, Metastasis
Hyperlipidemia
-Post-Prandial. -Familial disease (e.g. Miniature Schnauzer, Beagle, Brittany spaniel). -Endocrine (e.g. Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, DM). -Cholestasis (e.g. Hepatic lipidosis in cats, Cholangitis, Mucocele). -Necrotizing pancreatitis (Hypertriglyceridemia). -Nephrotic syndrome (Hypercholesterolemia). -Obesity . -Drugs (e.g. Steroids)
Hypokalemia
-Translocation: Insulin, Glucose, Beta-agonists, Refeeding Syndrome, Catecholamines, Alkalemia, Hypothermia. -GI: Vomiting, Diarrhea. -Renal: Hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s disease, CKD, Post-obstructive Diuresis, Diuretics, Renal Tubular Acidosis. -Low Potassium Fluids
Hemolytic Anemia
-Infections (e.g. Babesiosis, Mycoplasma, Cytauxzoon). -IMHA (Primary/Secondary). -Toxins: Led, Copper, Zinc, Nitrates. -Heinz-bodies anemia: Onion, Garlic, Paracetamol, Acepromazine, Propofol). -Microangiopathies. -Metabolic deficiencies: PFK, PK, Methemoglobin Reductase deficiency. -Neonatal isoerythrolysis. -Hypophosphatemia (only in severe cases)
Etiologies for AKI
-Nephrotoxicity (e.g. Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Ethylene Glycol, Lilly Flower, Grapes & Raisins, Aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, ACE-I, Amphotericin B). -Infections (e.g. Leptospira, Septicemia, Pyelonephritis). -Ischemic/Metabolic/Inflammatory (e.g. Dehydration, Shock, Systemic disease (Peritonitis, Pancreatitis, Sepsis, DIC, MODS), Anesthesia, Renal Thrombus, Heat Stroke). -Immune-mediated (e.g. Acute Glomerulonephritis, Amyloidosis)
Urinary Incontinence
-Anatomical abnormalities (e.g. Ectopic ureters, Urine pooling, Pelvic bladder, Ureterocele). -Decreased urethral tone (e.g. PSMI, Spinal cord lesions originating from S1-S3 such as IVDD, Cauda equina, LMN Bladder, Degenerative myelopathy, Discospondylitis). -Increased urethral tone (““Overflow Bladder””): Uroliths (Mostly males), Neoplasia, Severe urethritis, Stricture, Neurological: UMN Bladder, Reflex Dyssynergia). -Increased bladder contractility (Overreactive bladder): (e.g. Cystitis, Urolithiasis, Neoplasia)
Generalized Lymphadenopathy
-Infection/Inflammation. -Neoplasia/Metastasis. -Immune-mediated disorders.
Upper Limb Lameness
-Scapular Luxation - Non Weight Baring. -OCD - Cold Lameness, Large, Young Male Dogs. -Scapulo-Humeral Luxation - Non Weight Baring. -Bicipital Tenosynovitis - “Hot” Lameness Scapular Instability.
Elbow Pathologies
-OCD. -Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process. -Un-united Anconeal Process. -Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle. -Incongruity Trochlear Notch Dyplasia Elbow Luxation
Hind limb lameness
-Hip Dysplasia. -Aseptic Necrosis Of Femoral Head (Small, Young dogs). -Coxofemoral Luxation. -CCLR. -Patellar Luxation
Ileus
-Chronic obstruction (e.g. GI Accidents, Foreign body, neoplasia), Aerophagia. -Neuromuscular: Anti-Cholinergic Drugs, Spinal cord injuries, Dysautonomia, myopathies/neuropathies, Hypothyroidism. -Metabolic: Hypokalemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypomagnesemia, DM, Uremia, Endotoxemia. -Functional: Post Op, Opiates, Ischemia, Inflammation, Stress, Pain
Emesis (Intra-GI-Chronic)
-Infections (e.g. Worms (mainly diarrhea, Giardia). -Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (Food-responsive, Antibiotic-responsive (Mainly chronic diarrhea, True IBD). -Lymphangiectasis. -GI accidents (e.g. Foreign body, Hernia). -Neoplasia. Misc. Atrophic gastritis, Hypertrophic gastritis (Brachycephalic breeds), Ulcers
Osteopathies (Growing dogs)
-Panosteitis (Young, Large, Self-limiting). -Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (Young, Large, Self-limiting). -Retained cartilage core (Young, Large, Self-limiting). -Angular limb deformity. -Craniomandibular Osteopathy (Young, Self-limiting).
Osteopenia
-Hypervitaminosis D. -Hyperparathyroidism. -Cushing’s disease / Steroids. -Disuse atrophy
GI Ulceration & Erosion
-Acid over-production (e.g. Hypergastrinemia (AKI/Liver Failure/Gastrinoma), Hyperhistaminemia (MCT)). -GI inflammation/direct injury (e.g. Foreign body, Corrosive agents, Gastritis/Gastroenteritis, Pancreatitis Neoplasia (e.g. Carcinoma, Leiomyoma). -Decrease in Prostaglandins (e.g. Drugs: NSAIDs > Steroids). -Decreased GI perfusion (e.g. Shock, Addison’s disease, DIC, Sepsis, SIRS)
Chronic Gastritis
-Food Responsive: Allergy, Intolerance -Antibiotic Responsive -True IIBD) -Anti-Helminth Responsive (Fenbendazole). -Atrophic Gastritis (Rare). -Hypertrophic Gastritis (Basenji, Brachycephalic Breeds) -Helicobacter (Controversial)
Gastric Impaction/Lack of Eviction (Mechanical)
-Foreign Body. -Pyloric Stenosis: Congenital, Acquired (Inflammation, Neoplasia, Trauma). -Hypertrophic Gastritis (Brachycephalic, Small Breeds, Basenji). -Granuloma, Abscess, Neoplasia, Polyp. -Bad Past Gastropexy
Neutropenia
-Inflammation/Infection (Severe). -Drug-associated . -Age-related. -Bone marrow disease (e.g. myelophthisis, myelofibrosis). -Anaphylactic reaction. -Immune mediated neutropenia. -Congenital abnormalities
2 most common DDs for hypercalcemia due to neoplasia (and common locations)
Anal gland adenocarcinoma (Dogs), Lymphosarcoma (Dogs & cats) Dogs: Mediastinal lymphoma (Mostly T-cell lymphoma)
Hypoglycemia
-Sepsis -Neoplasia -Addison’s disease -Pancreatitis -Polycythemia -Insulin overdose/overproduction -Liver Dysnucftion / failure -Young animals -Toy breed dogs -Xylitol -Tremors
What is a Major DD for an animal with no clinical signa with hypocalcemia & hyperkalemia?
Iatrogenic - due to K2EDTA contamination
Hypocalcemia
-Hypoparathyroidism -Hypovitaminosis D -Critical Illness - Sepsis / Trauma -Pancreatitis -Iatrogenic: K2EDTA (with hyperkalemia), -Blood Transfusion (Citrate) -Due to phosphorus increase: Urinary Tract (AKI / CKD / Urethral obstruction/Rupture), Rhabdomyolysis , Tumor lysis syndrome EPI Hypoalbuminemia Eclampsia Ethylene glycol poisoning
Hypocalcemia
-Hypoparathyroidism -Hypovitaminosis D -Critical Illness - Sepsis / Trauma -Pancreatitis -Iatrogenic: K2EDTA (with hyperkalemia), -Blood Transfusion (Citrate) -Due to phosphorus increase: Urinary Tract (AKI / CKD / Urethral obstruction/Rupture), Rhabdomyolysis , Tumor lysis syndrome EPI Hypoalbuminemia Eclampsia Ethylene glycol poisoning
Erythrocytosis
-Relative: Dehydration / Splenic contraction. -Absolute: 1) Primary (EPO Independent): Polycythemia Vera (BM Disease). 2) Secondary (EPO Dependent) - Renal tumor causing regional hypoxemia, EPO secreting renal neoplasia (inappropriate) Appropriate (R-L heart shunt). 3) Endocrine: Cushing’s disease|| Hyperthyroidism || Acromegaly.
Non Regenerative Anemia
-Anemia of inflammation/Neoplasia (Formerly known as anemia of chronic illness): (e.g. any inflammatory state, Endocrine diseases (e.g. Hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease). -Decreased Production: (e.g. CKD, Bone marrow disease such as bone marrow neoplasia, myelofibrosis, myelotoxicity such as chemotherapy TMS, high levels of estrogen, infections such as ehrlichiosis in dogs and FeLV in cats). -Misc. Pre-regenerative anemia, PRCA.
Acanthocytes
-Liver disease -Neoplasia (e.g. Hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma) -DIC -Iron deficiency
Lymphocytosis
-Epinephrine Response -Addison’s Disease -Neoplasia (e.g. Lymphoma, Leukemia, Thymoma) -Chronic Inflammation -Certain viral infections -Young animals -nRBCs
Myelofibrosis
-IMHA -Neoplasia (intra and extramedullary) -Drugs (e.g. Phenobarbital, Phenylbutazone, Colchicine - all anecdotal evidence) -Myelonecrosis
Chronic upper respiratory disease
-Cleft palate -Oro-nasal fistula -Hypoplastic soft-palates -Nasopharyngeal stenosis -Aspergillosis / Cryptococcus -Polyps -Neoplasia -Foreign body -Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis -Herpes in cats (less chronic and more recurrent)
Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)
-Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (e.g. Food-responsive, Antibiotic-responsive, True IBD) -Lymphangiectasis -GI Neoplasia -GI Parasites -Parvovirus -Chronic intussusception -Addison’s disease -R-CHF, Portal hypertension (due to backflow of blood to the GI mucosa) -GI Ulceration and bleeding
What are the liver pathologies that can cause both Hepatic encephalopathy and Ascites?
-Portal vein hypoplasia with portal hypertension (AKA Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension). -Arteriovenous malformation. -Ductal plate malformation. -Chronic hepatitis. -End-stage liver / Cirrhosis
Cholangitis - Common Causes / Concurrent Diseases
-Ascending bacterial infection from GI. -Bacterial hepatitis. -Cholelithiasis. -Chronic inflammatory enteropathies. -Pancreatitis. -Neoplasia. -Ductal plate malformation. -Systemic bacterial infection (e.g. Sinusitis, Periodontitis, Pyelonephritis). -Immune-mediated (Lympho-plasmacytic cholangitis).
Chronic lower respiratory tract disease in felines - DDs
-Asthma . -Chronic bronchitis. -Worms (e.g. Aleurostrongylus abstrusus/ Heartworm / Dirofilaria). -Mycoplasma Pneumonia. -Neoplasia
Spherocytosis - DDs
-IMHA -Zinc Toxicosis -Heinz Bodies -Erythrocyte Fragmentation
Heinz bodies anemia - DDs
-Garlic. -Onion . -Acetaminophen. -Zinc (Coins). -Propofol.
Retinal Detachment - Causes
Hypertensive retinopathy, Idiopathic, Autoimmune, Trauma, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytopathy . Neoplasia (Multiple Myeloma>>). Anterior Lens Luxation, Iatrogenic to Cataract Surgery. Vitreal - Degeneration Syndrome (Shi-Tzu)
Optic Neuritis - Causes
-Idiopathic / Auto-immune. -MUE. -Infectious diseases. -Neoplasia.
Hepatomegaly (Diffuse)
-Vascular (e.g. R-CHF, Caudal vena cava thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Liver lobe torsion). -Infection (e.g. Leptospirosis, Ascending bacterial hepatitis, Aspergillosis, ICH, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis). -Inflammation (e.g. Copper-associated Chronic hepatitis in early stages). -Vacuolar hepatopathy (e.g. Cushing’s disease, DM, Hypothyroidism, Hepatic lipidosis in cats). -Neoplasia (Mainly round cell tumors e.g. Lymphoma, MCT). -Drugs/Toxins (e.g. Cycad, Phenobarbital). Misc. EMH, Storage disease, Amyloidosis
Emesis (Intra-GI-Acute)
-Infections (e.g. Viruses such as Parvo, Distemper, Rota, Corona, FECV (Cat), FIV, FeLV (Cat), Parasites such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Coccidiosis (Mainly diarrhea), Bacterial gastroenteritis, Worms such as Ascarids, Strongyloides). -GI accidents (e.g. Foreign body, intussusception, Volvulus, Hernia, GDV (Rarely, Mostly retching). -Toxins (e.g. Organic phosphates, Methyl-aldehyde). -Misc. Garbage intoxication, Dietary indiscretion, Bilious vomiting, Ulcers
Emesis (Extra-GI Acute)
-Pancreopathy (e.g. pancreatitis). -Cholangio/hepatopathies. -Nephropathies (e.g. AKI). -Endocrinopathies (DKA). -Systemic disease (e.g. Sepsis, SIRS, Shock, Endotoxemia, Peritonitis). -Drugs (e.g. Rompun, Apomorphine) -Vestibular disease.
Emesis (Extra-GI Chronic)
-Pancreopathy (e.g. Chronic pancreatitis). -Cholangio/hepatopathies. -Nephropathies (e.g. CKD). -Endocrinopathies (DKA, Addison’s disease, Hyperthyroidism). -Vestibular disease
