Veterinary Medicine - Infectious diseases Pt.2 Flashcards
Borrelia Persica - Name of the disease
Relapsing fever
Relapsing fever - Disease in dogs/cats?
Both
Relapsing fever - What type of bacteria is it?
Spirochete
Relapsing fever - Vector
Soft-tick - Ornithodoros tholozani
Relapsing fever - Clinical signs (3), CBC findings
Fever (In dogs, not in cats)
Anorexia
Lethargy
Anemia, Thrombocytopenia
Relapsing fever - Difference in clinical signs between cats and dogs
Dogs have fever. Cats don’t
Borrelia Vs. Leptospira - Which one can be identified in blood smears
Borrelia
Relapsing fever - Prognosis
Good (80% survival) - Responds well to antibiotics
Relapsing fever - What concurrent infection is common in dogs? (In some countries)
Babesia Negevi
Parvo - How do you get rid of the virus from the environment\surfaces?
Chlorine
Glutaraldehyde
Formalin
Parvo - Remains for a very short/long time in the environment? Why?
Very long time
Virus lacks an envelope
Parvo - In what tissues does the virus proliferates?
Bone marrow (WBC)
GI epithelium
Parvo - Modes of transmission
Oro-fecal
Intrauterine
Parvo - What is another pathology exhibited in puppies younger then 4 weeks old?
Myocarditis
Heart failure and sudden death (Due to a different CPV strain then the one causing GI disease)
Parvo - In what specific anatomical location in the GI Mucosa does the virus proliferate?
Crypts
Parvo - Pathogenesis
Viral material is ingested and enters the blood stream through the Peyer’s patches and the lymphatic tissue in the mouth:
1) Oropharyngeal LN
2) GI Mesenteric LN. => Viremia => Bone marrow, Thymus, Lymph nodes (Destruction of lymphocytes and neutrophils)
2 Options from there:
1) Proliferation in the GI mucosa (Severe gastroenteritis - common) with risk of secondary bacterial translocation from the gut to the bloodstream - Sepsis
Proliferation in cardiomyocytes (Sudden death - rare)
Parvo - How long does it take for clinical signs to manifest post-infection? When does the dog begin to secrete to virus?
Clinical signs begin 4 days post infection
Secretion of the virus - 3 days post infection
In other words - viral particle shedding begins BEFORE clinical signs!
Parvo - Factors influencing severity of disease (4)
Age (Young»_space;> Adult)
Vaccination status
Concurrent GI infection (Opportunistic bacteria, Worms)
Sensitive dog breeds (Rottweiler, Pincher)
Parvo - Clinical signs
Lethargy
Anorexia
Fever
Vomiting (+- hematemesis)
Diarrhea (+- Melena \ Hematochezia)
Abdominal pain
Distended bowel loops
Parvo - Possible lab findings
CBC:
Leukopenia - Lymphopenia, Neutropenia
*Rebound (Recovery stage) - Leukocytosis - Monocytosis, Neutrophilia.
Panel:
Hypochloridemia, Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia (Diarrhea, Vomiting)
Hypoglycemia (Sepsis)
Hypoglobulinemia
Hypoalbuminemia
Parvo - Bone marrow cytology findings
Degeneration and toxicity in myeloid cells and megakaryocytes
Parvo - Radiological finding
Ileus and GI filled with gas
Parvo - US Findings
Free peritoneal fluid
GI Thickening, Ileus and distension
Mesenteric LN enlargement
Parvo - Diagnosis
PCR (Blood Feces)
Antigen-kit (Feces)
Parvo - Diagnosis - What’s the problem with PCR used on feces?
False positive
Vaccinated in the weeks prior infection
Parvo - Diagnosis - What’s the problem with the antigen-kit used on feces?
False negative: Viral particles may associate with antibodies and not be detected, or the virus isn’t secreted at the time of sampling).
False positive: Vaccinated in the weeks prior to infection
Parvo - Treatment
-Intensive fluid therapy (Preferably through a central catheter)
-Correct electrolytes (Mainly potassium), Hypoglycemia
-Colloids if severely hypoproteinemic
-GI support: Anti-emetics (Multiple if necessary), Pro-motiles, GI protectants. -Apatite stimulant (Only after vomiting and severe nausea has subsided
-Analgesia
-Antibiotics for 2nd infections (Combination of Beta-lactam + Aminoglycoside when dehydration is corrected - considered treatment of choice)
-De-worming
-Keep warm & clean
Parvo - Possible complication (3)
Sepsis, Intussusception, Peripheral edema / Ascites / Pleural effusion (Hypoalbuminemia)
Parvo - Monitoring - 3 Parameters
CBC, Creatinine, Electrolytes
Parvo - Prevention
Puppy vaccination
Bitch vaccination (before conception)
Isolate sick from healthy
Clean surfaces
Parvo - Vaccination regiment
First shot - 6 weeks
2 More shots every 2-4 weeks
Booster - 6-12 months of age
Booster every 3 years
Feline Panleukopenia - How to get rid of viral particle on surfaces?
Chloride
Glutaraldehyde
Formalin
Feline Panleukopenia / Parvovirus - Through what receptor do the viruses invade the cells?
Transferrin receptor
Feline Panleukopenia - Where does the Virus replicate?
Villi crypts in the small intestine
Lymphocytes
Bone marrow progenitor cells
Feline Panleukopenia - Modes of transmission
Oro-fecal
Intra-uterine
Feline Panleukopenia - What is the result of infection in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Embryonic death & absorption
Feline Panleukopenia - What is the pathology associated with infection in the second trimester of pregnancy and onward towards neonatality?
Cerebellar hypoplasia - “Feline ataxia syndrome”
Feline Panleukopenia - What cells in the cerebellum are affected in cerebellar hypoplasia?
Purkinje and granular cells
Feline Panleukopenia - What is the result of infection in cats beyond their neonatality?
Replication in the GI epithelium - Enteritis
Replication in lymphatic tissues Bone marrow - Panleukopenia
Feline Panleukopenia - Incubation period
As early as 2 days
Feline Panleukopenia - Clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Anorexia
Vomiting
Hypersalivation
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Distended bowel loops
Feline Ataxia Syndrome - Caused by which pathogen? When did the infection occur? Clinical signs?
Feline Panleukopenia virus
2nd trimester to neonatality
Hypermetria, Intention tremor, Ataxia
Feline Panleukopenia - Diagnosis
CBC - Leukopenia - Neutropenia
Antigen-kit (Feces)
PCR (Feces)
Feline Panleukopenia - Prevention? Regiment?
Vaccine
First Shot - 6-8 weeks
2 Booster shots every 2-4 weeks
Another shot at 6-12 months
Shot every 3 years
Feline Panleukopenia - Vaccination of pregnant cats is totally safe (T/F)
False
It’s a live attenuated virus that can still cause Abortion\Cerebellar hypoplasia
Feline Panleukopenia - Treatment
-Intensive fluid therapy (Preferably through a central catheter)
-Correct electrolytes (Mainly potassium), Hypoglycemia
-Colloids if severely hypoproteinemic
-GI support: Anti-emetics (Multiple if necessary), Pro-motiles, GI protectants. -Apatite stimulant (Only after vomiting and severe nausea has subsided
-Analgesia
-Antibiotics for 2nd infections (Combination of Beta-lactam + Aminoglycoside when dehydration is corrected - considered treatment of choice)
-De-worming
-Keep warm & clean
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Name the Pathogen
Canine Adenovirus - 1
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Mode of transmission
Oronasal coming in contact with urine, feces, saliva
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Signalment
Dogs <1 year of age
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Main systems affected
Liver
Kidney
Eyes
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Clinical signs - Acute disease
Fever
Lethargy
Anorexia
Hematemesis
Diarrhea
Lymphadenopathy
Uveitis \ Corneal edema (Blue Eye) \ Glaucoma
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Clinical signs - Sub-clinical
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Clinical signs - Chronic disease)
CNS signs due to hepatic encephalopathy
Ascites
Weight Loss
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Complications? Caused by what mechanism?
Glomerulonephritis
Uveitis\Glaucoma
DIC
Immune-mediated complexes
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Lab findings
CBC:
Panleukopenia - Lymphopenia + Neutropenia
AST, ALT, ALP elevation
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hypoglycemia
Proteinuria, Bilirubinuria
Coagulation abnormalities
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Prevention
Vaccine - against CAV-2
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Diagnosis
Serology (Seroconversion)
PCR
Liver biopsy (Post-mortem)
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Treatment
Supportive treatment:
Fluids
GI supportive treatment
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Treat DIC (Plasma/Whole blood)
Treat uveitis (i.e. Atropine, Local GC/NSAIDs)
Corona virus in cats - Name the 2 pathogens originating from the virus
Feline Enteric Corona Virus (FECV)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)