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b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology > Vetan Topic 3 > Flashcards

Vetan Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

referred to as the development of two (2)
or more embryos in a dam that normally gives birth to one offspring per gestation

A

embryonic duplication or twinning

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2
Q

They are twins having the same genetic composition. Derived from a single zygote that eventually divides or duplicates itself.

A

Free Symmetrical Monozygotic Twins/ Identical Twins

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3
Q

This type of twins originated from a single zygote (monozygotic) that resulted from incomplete separation of blastomeres later in embryonic development (primitive streak stage)

A

Conjoined or Fused Symmetrical Twins

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4
Q

fusion is at the sternal region of the thorax, facing
each other, often with partially fused hearts

A

thoracopagus twins

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5
Q

fusion is at the abdomen, often with partially fused
intestines

A

abdominopagus twins

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6
Q

fusion is back to back at the pelvis
or sacrum

A

pygopagus

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7
Q

fusion is in the head region

A

cephalopagus

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8
Q

twins resulting from duplication of future axial structures which may occur during the primitive streak stage

A

abnormal twins or monsters

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9
Q

two pairs/four of thoracic limbs

A

tetrabrachius

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10
Q

two faces

A

diprosopus

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11
Q

2 pairs/four pelvic limbs

A

tetrascelus

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12
Q

two tails

A

dicaudatus

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13
Q

two heads

A

dicephalus

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14
Q

consist of separate twins one is normal and the other is rudimentary that survives by being attached to the blood supply of fetal membranes
of the normal twin

A

free, asymmetrical twin

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15
Q

Mummified fetus is common in what domestic animals?

A

cows

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16
Q

type of twins occur after gastrulation when specific fields (limb field, heart field, eye field, etc.) are becoming organized.

A

conjoined, asymmetrical twins

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17
Q

an extra pelvic limb is attached to the back of the animal

A

notomelus twins

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18
Q

attached twins of unequal size (heteropagus ) and consist of one reasonably normal individual called the autosite, with an extra body part called the parasite attached to it

A

conjoined, asymmetrical twins

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19
Q

This type of twinning results when two (or more) zygotes develop separately and independently with separate fetal membranes and placenta, during the same pregnancy.

A

Free Symmetrical Dizygotic or Fraternal Twins

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20
Q

composite structure that contribute very little to the structure of embryo but form an important part of it and serve vital functions

A

extraembryonic (fetal) membranes

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21
Q

What is the first fetal membrane to be formed?

A

Yolk Sac

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22
Q

derived from inner cell mass and develops early from hypoblast and extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

A

yolk sac

23
Q

In human embryos 2 – 3 weeks old, the yolk sac is the source of early nutrition but later shrinks and become non-functional as the?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum (outpocketing of small intestine)

24
Q

By what day of incubation does the yolk sac completely encloses the yolk?

A

6

25
Q

a short stump of splanchnopleure formed by the folding of the body and closure of the gut tube which connects the yolk sac to the embryo

A

yolk stalk

26
Q

Amnion is absent in what animals?

A

fishes and amphibians

27
Q

What are the five functions of amnion?

A
  1. Mechanical protection
  2. Allows free movement of the embryo which aids in neuromuscular development
  3. Antibacterial
  4. Allows fetal growth
  5. Prevents adhesion of fetal membranes
28
Q

What is the outer sac that forms the outer boundary of the entire conceptus (fetus with fetal membranes)?

A

Chorion

29
Q

a ventral diverticulum of the hindgut splanchnopleure

A

allantois

30
Q

What are the three functions of allantois?

A

respiratory, excretory, digestive

31
Q

a membranous structure formed by the apposition of the fetal chorioallantoic membrane ( CAM) and maternal endometrium (inner layer of the wall ) of the uterus

A

placenta

32
Q

food of embryo is uterine milk that diffuses through the chorion and amnion

A

histotrophe

33
Q

What are some functions of placenta?

A
  1. mediates physiological exchange between fetus and mother
  2. Secretes hormones like chorionic gonadotrophin
  3. Acts as a barrier to prevent mixing of fetal & maternal blood
34
Q

placenta present in the species of horse, pig, cow and partially in goat and sheep

A

epitheliochorial placenta

35
Q

placenta present in carnivores such as dog and cat, other canine /feline species

A

endochorial placenta

36
Q

placenta resent in rodents, primates (monkey), human

A

hemochorial placenta

37
Q

What are the four types of placenta according to shapes and distribution?

A
  1. Diffuse
  2. Cotyledonary
  3. Zonary -Complete or Incomplete
  4. Discoid –Single or Double
38
Q

Villi are distributed throughout the chorionic vesicle except the undilated ends. Found in horses and pigs.

A

Diffuse placenta

39
Q

Villi form tiny oval or round areas called cotyledons all over the external surface of the chorionic vesicle, except the undilated ends

A

cotyledonary

40
Q

cotyledonary placenta are found in what animals?

A

ruminants

41
Q

villi are concentrated in a wide zone that forms a belt around the chronic vesicle which can be either complete or incomplete

A

zonary placenta

42
Q

Complete zonary placenta has a belt of villi surrounding the entire chronic vesicle which can be found in what animals?

A

dogs and cats

43
Q

Found in bear, skunk, mink, weasel, ferret & raccoon

A

incomplete zonary placenta

44
Q

Villi are concentrated in oval-shaped disks. Single or double. A single ______ placenta has one disk located at one end of the chorionic vesicle which are found in humans & rodents

A

discoid

45
Q

uterine endometrium is sloughed off during
parturition

A

deciduate placenta

46
Q

uterine endometrium remains intact during
parturition, found in horse & pig

A

adeciduate placenta

47
Q

It is a process in which a developing embryo, moving as a blastocyst through a uterus, makes contact with the uterine wall and remains attached to it until birth.

A

implantation

48
Q

In species w/ long umbilical cords such as swine, neck or limb strangulation in varying degree may occur.

A

strangulation by umbilical cord

49
Q

a condition characterized by parts of the amnion being attached to the embryonic structures particularly the CNS or limbs, or the distal parts of
appendages showing evidence of chorionic constriction

A

amniotic bands

50
Q

accumulation of excessive amount of fluid in
the amnion (hydramnios) or in the allantois (hydrallantois)

A

hydrops of allantois or amnion

51
Q

associated with some fetal malformation that interferes with its ability to swallow

A

hydramnios

52
Q

What are the two types of implantation?

A

non-invasive and interstitial

53
Q

trophoblasts invade & partially destroy the epithelium of the uterine endometrium.

A

interstitial implantation

54
Q

trophoblast do not grow into the epithelium of the
uterine endometrium and can be physically separated from the latter

A

non-invasive implantation

b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology (15 decks)

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