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b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology > LN 09 (Neoplasm) > Flashcards

LN 09 (Neoplasm) Flashcards

1
Q

Classical neoplasm 3 features

A
  1. it is an excessive tissue growth
  2. it lacks responsiveness to control mechanisms
  3. it lacks continued dependence on the stimulus that initiated it
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2
Q

form of pathological hyperplasia

A

neoplasia

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3
Q

retrogressive change that is reversible and is
responsive to growth control mechanisms

A

hyperplasia

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4
Q

Neoplasia literally means “new growth”, and this tissue growth is called

A

neoplasm

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5
Q

a tissue swelling or mass that may or may not
be neoplasm

A

tumor

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6
Q

study of neoplasia

A

oncology

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7
Q

chemical messengers of density-dependent inhibition or contact inhibition of growth

A

chalones

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8
Q

process of normal cells losing their innate characteristics and become neoplastic cells

A

neoplastic transformation

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9
Q

Morphological characteristics of transformed cells

A

1) May or may not resemble their cell origin

2) Presents increased nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio, the nuclei being enlarged hyperchromatic and may be multinucleated

3) Chromosomes may present mitotic figures

4) They lack orientation to adjacent cells

5) Decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased free ribosomes

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10
Q

Characteristics of transformed cells beside morphological changes (6)

A
  1. Transplantability
  2. Immortality
  3. Tumorigenicity
  4. Antigenic changes
  5. Karyotypic changes
  6. Biochemical changes
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11
Q

neoplasm containing tissue derived from more than one germ layer

A

Teratoma

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12
Q

neoplasm derived from one embryonic germ layer

A

mixed neoplasm

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13
Q

Based on the tissue origin, the neoplasm could be

A

epithelial, mesenchymal

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14
Q

inoffensive, grow slowly by expansion, circumscribed, does not undergo metastasis, few mitotic or apoptotic figures, and is rarely fatal

A

benign neoplasm

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15
Q

refers to those that are aggressive and potentially life threatening

A

malignant neoplasm

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16
Q

Benign neoplasms carry the suffix

A

oma

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17
Q

Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelia

A

adenomas

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18
Q

solid lobular pattern of growth and those with
recognizable acini, ducts and tubules

A

adenomas

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19
Q

adenoma forming cystic cavitation

A

cystadenoma

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20
Q

forms branching finger-like projections into the lumen

A

papillary adenoma

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21
Q

adenoma derived from ducts

A

ductular adenoma

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22
Q

neoplasms growing at the surfaces

A

polyps or papilloma

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23
Q

Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin are called

A

sarcoma

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24
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are called

A

carcinoma

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25
Q

carcinoma forming recognizable ducts, tubules or acini

A

adenocarcinoma

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26
Q

fail to mimic their tissue origin sufficiently for them to be recognized

A

poorly differentiated sarcoma or carcinoma

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27
Q

well differentiated such that they resemble the tissue of origin both cytologically and architecturally

A

benign neoplasm

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28
Q

vary greatly in the degree of differentiation, and they usually exhibit anaplasia

A

malignant neoplasms

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29
Q

failure of cells to differentiate or loss of differentiation

A

anaplasia

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30
Q

one of the hallmarks and the most important morphologic feature of malignancy

A

Anaplasia

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31
Q

nuclei become large, hyperchromatic or vesicular, have abnormal shapes and may contain one or more prominent nucleoli

A

pleomorphism

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32
Q

anaplastic cells usually exhibit?

A

pleomorphism

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33
Q

Examples of well-differentiated neoplasms

A
  1. glandular adenomas
  2. endocrine adenomas
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34
Q

retain the functional characteristics of the
parent tissue, such that even their functional activity is intact

A

well-differentiated neoplasms

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35
Q

one of the basis on which the origin of neoplasms may be known

A

functional activity

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36
Q

precludes further mitotic division

A

full differentiation

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37
Q

contains a high proportion of cells unable to divide and so grow slowly

A

benign neoplasm

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38
Q

contain many cells in the growth fraction and usually grows at a more rapid rate

A

malignant neoplasms

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39
Q

exhibit local invasiveness or infiltration

A

malignant neoplasms

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40
Q

potential to spread to distant sites not
directly adjacent with the primary mass

A

metastasis

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41
Q

Enzymes produced by neoplastic cells that degrade adjacent tissues

A
  1. lysosomal hydrolases
  2. collagenase
  3. plasminogen activator
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42
Q

important factor in invasiveness

A

motility

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43
Q

Steps to complete metastasis

A

1) Release from site of origin
2) Transportation
3) Lodgment at distant site
4) Growth and survival at lodgment site

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44
Q

destroy vital structures due to their location and may even be fatal even if benign

A

tumor masses

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45
Q

wasting of body mass occurring out of proportion to the mass of neoplasm

A

cancer cachexia

46
Q

Agents known to cause neoplasia

A

carcinogen

47
Q

developmental process of neoplastic transformation occurring in cells

A

carcinogenesis

48
Q

Classes of carcinogens

A

A. Direct-reacting carcinogens
B. Procarcinogen
C. Initiator
D. Promoter or co-carcinogen
E. Complete carcinogen

49
Q

reactive substances that require no activation by biologic processes

A

Direct-reacting carcinogens

50
Q

agents that must be metabolized in the animal body to the “proximate” or ultimate carcinogen

A

procarcinogen

51
Q

may not be a carcinogen at all but are capable of initiating a change in the cell

A

initiator

52
Q

agents that then applied after initiation
promotes the development of tumors

A

promoter or co-carcinogen

53
Q

act as both initiator and promoter

A

complete carcinogen

54
Q

Major Categories of Carcinogens

A
  1. Physical agents
  2. Oncogenic viruses
  3. Chemical carcinogens
55
Q

Theories in Carcinogenesis

A

1) Somatic Mutation Theory
2) Epigenetic Theory
3) Oncogene Theory

56
Q

Factors Influencing Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Host factors
  2. Environmental factors
57
Q

occur on skin and may have a variety of forms from pedunculated to flat, smooth or villous

A

Papillomas

58
Q

occur in glands

A

adenomas

59
Q

smooth, spherical or membranous mass projecting on a mucosal surface;
maybe broad-based or pedunculated

A

polyp

60
Q

common in the skin of dogs

A

hemangiomas

61
Q

proper term for malignant tumor of lymphocytes

A

lymphosarcoma

62
Q

clinical term for malignant cells circulating in the blood stream

A

leukemia

63
Q

malignancy usually involving the granulocytic group, red cells, megakaryocytes

A

myelogenous leukemia

64
Q

common descriptive term used for usually or greatly enlarged organ

A

abnormal mass

65
Q

ulcerated lesion particularly on body
surfaces

A

persistent nonhealing ulcerating lesion

66
Q

tumors that tend to be discrete masses

A

benign

67
Q

not an indication of prognosis

A

Size

68
Q

monotonous pattern of masses of cells with similar appearance and very little apparent stromal support

A

sheets of cells

69
Q

cells forming acinar units, as in a secretory gland like the thyroid or mammary gland

A

acinar arrangements

70
Q

endocrine tumors in which a clump of cells is surrounded by a narrowband of connective tissue stroma

A

nest of cells

71
Q

cells line up in a picket fence-type arrangement

A

palisading or trabecular patterns

72
Q

single, double or finger-like projection of tumor cells invade surrounding tissue

A

tubular arrangements

73
Q

Terminologies for sarcomas

A
  1. Solid or loose arrangement
  2. Whorls
  3. Sheets
  4. Localized around blood vessels
  5. Spindly cells
  6. Fleshy cells
  7. Well or poorly-differentiated
  8. Monotonous
  9. Variable
74
Q

prominent in many tumors, particularly in the center of a large mass

A

necrosis

75
Q

Four main mechanisms for the spread of tumors

A
  1. By infiltration
  2. By spreading via blood vessels
  3. By spreading via the lymphatics
  4. By implantation
76
Q

Two theories on the success of Metastasis

A
  1. The Soil Theory
  2. The Mechanical Theory
77
Q

Treatment of Tumors

A
  1. by surgery
  2. by irradiation
  3. by chemotherapy
78
Q

Methods of Tumor Diagnosis

A
  1. Histologic examinations
  2. Immunocytochemical examination
  3. DNA Probe analysis and DNA Flow Cytometry
  4. Tumor Marker Detection
79
Q

most important method of tumor diagnosis

A

histologic examinations

80
Q

detected in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

A

alpha fetal globulin

81
Q

abnormal antigen detected in blood of patient
with neoplastic condition

A

alpha fetal globulin

82
Q

produced by fetal hepatocytes but normally disappears late in fetal life

A

alpha fetal globulin

83
Q

widely used for cancer detection particularly in respiratory and gastrointestinal tumors

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

84
Q

made by intestinal epithelium in fetal life and appear in adult life in events of
tumor

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

85
Q

genes whose products are associated with
neoplastic transformation

A

oncogenes

86
Q

normal cellular genes that affect growth and differentiation

A

Proto-oncogenes (Proto-oncs)

87
Q

Proto-oncs can be converted into oncogenes by

A
  1. Transduction into retroviruses (v-oncs)
  2. Changes in situ that affect their expression and/or function, thereby converting them into c-oncs
88
Q

viral oncogenes

A

v-oncs

89
Q

cellular oncogenes

A

c-oncs

90
Q

tumor must find a “suitable soil” for its growth
requirements

A

Soil theory

91
Q

tumor will grow wherever it lands, and only mechanical factors and chance influence sites of metastases

A

Mechanical theory

92
Q

When there is little apparent stroma, stromal arrangements may be described as:

A
  1. scant, as in sheets of cell
  2. Locular, as in the case of nests
  3. Scirrhous
93
Q

testicular interstitial cell tumor kind of microscopic description

A

Palisading or trabecular patterns

94
Q

Tubular arrangement tumor example

A
  1. basal cell tumors
  2. anal gland tumors
95
Q

abnormal malignant cells present in the circulating blood, and it may occur in about half of the cases of lymphosarcoma

A

leukemia

96
Q

common group of epithelial tumors in dogs

A

basal cell group

97
Q

common group of epithelial tumors in dogs is the basal cell group examples

A
  1. sweat gland adenoma
  2. sebaceous gland adenoma
  3. hair follicle tumor
98
Q

examples of polyp

A
  1. Nasal polyp
  2. Rectal polyp
99
Q

warts or “kulugo”

A

papilloma

100
Q

Host factors influencing Carcinogenesis

A
  1. age
  2. sex
  3. hormones
  4. nutrition
  5. breed
101
Q

Neoantigens at the cell surfaces

A

tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)

102
Q

TSTA’s share the same characteristics in cells induced by the same virus

A

virus-induced neoplasia

103
Q

tumors produced by chemical carcinogens evoke transplantation immunity only against the same tumor

A

private antigens

104
Q

prolonged exposure to sunlight predisposes to skin cancer in?

A

cats, cattle, humans

105
Q

exposure of cattle to this plant may lead to bladder neoplasms

A

bracken fern

106
Q

tumors which is common in male dogs than bitches

A

perianal gland tumor

107
Q

tumors that are rare in male animals

A

mammary tumors

108
Q

notoriously known for developing all sorts of
tumors

A

boxers

109
Q

most commonly seen in German shepherd

A

hemangiosarcomas

110
Q

Osteosarcomas are common in what breeds

A
  1. Great danes
  2. Saint bernard
  3. Irish wolfhound

b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology (15 decks)

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