LN 09 (Neoplasm) Flashcards
1
Q
Classical neoplasm 3 features
A
- it is an excessive tissue growth
- it lacks responsiveness to control mechanisms
- it lacks continued dependence on the stimulus that initiated it
2
Q
form of pathological hyperplasia
A
neoplasia
3
Q
retrogressive change that is reversible and is
responsive to growth control mechanisms
A
hyperplasia
4
Q
Neoplasia literally means “new growth”, and this tissue growth is called
A
neoplasm
5
Q
a tissue swelling or mass that may or may not
be neoplasm
A
tumor
6
Q
study of neoplasia
A
oncology
7
Q
chemical messengers of density-dependent inhibition or contact inhibition of growth
A
chalones
8
Q
process of normal cells losing their innate characteristics and become neoplastic cells
A
neoplastic transformation
9
Q
Morphological characteristics of transformed cells
A
1) May or may not resemble their cell origin
2) Presents increased nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio, the nuclei being enlarged hyperchromatic and may be multinucleated
3) Chromosomes may present mitotic figures
4) They lack orientation to adjacent cells
5) Decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased free ribosomes
10
Q
Characteristics of transformed cells beside morphological changes (6)
A
- Transplantability
- Immortality
- Tumorigenicity
- Antigenic changes
- Karyotypic changes
- Biochemical changes
11
Q
neoplasm containing tissue derived from more than one germ layer
A
Teratoma
12
Q
neoplasm derived from one embryonic germ layer
A
mixed neoplasm
13
Q
Based on the tissue origin, the neoplasm could be
A
epithelial, mesenchymal
14
Q
inoffensive, grow slowly by expansion, circumscribed, does not undergo metastasis, few mitotic or apoptotic figures, and is rarely fatal
A
benign neoplasm
15
Q
refers to those that are aggressive and potentially life threatening
A
malignant neoplasm
16
Q
Benign neoplasms carry the suffix
A
oma
17
Q
Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelia
A
adenomas
18
Q
solid lobular pattern of growth and those with
recognizable acini, ducts and tubules
A
adenomas
19
Q
adenoma forming cystic cavitation
A
cystadenoma
20
Q
forms branching finger-like projections into the lumen
A
papillary adenoma
21
Q
adenoma derived from ducts
A
ductular adenoma
22
Q
neoplasms growing at the surfaces
A
polyps or papilloma
23
Q
Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin are called
A
sarcoma
24
Q
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are called
A
carcinoma
25
carcinoma forming recognizable ducts, tubules or acini
adenocarcinoma
26
fail to mimic their tissue origin sufficiently for them to be recognized
poorly differentiated sarcoma or carcinoma
27
well differentiated such that they resemble the tissue of origin both cytologically and architecturally
benign neoplasm
28
vary greatly in the degree of differentiation, and they usually exhibit anaplasia
malignant neoplasms
29
failure of cells to differentiate or loss of differentiation
anaplasia
30
one of the hallmarks and the most important morphologic feature of malignancy
Anaplasia
31
nuclei become large, hyperchromatic or vesicular, have abnormal shapes and may contain one or more prominent nucleoli
pleomorphism
32
anaplastic cells usually exhibit?
pleomorphism
33
Examples of well-differentiated neoplasms
1. glandular adenomas
2. endocrine adenomas
34
retain the functional characteristics of the
parent tissue, such that even their functional activity is intact
well-differentiated neoplasms
35
one of the basis on which the origin of neoplasms may be known
functional activity
36
precludes further mitotic division
full differentiation
37
contains a high proportion of cells unable to divide and so grow slowly
benign neoplasm
38
contain many cells in the growth fraction and usually grows at a more rapid rate
malignant neoplasms
39
exhibit local invasiveness or infiltration
malignant neoplasms
40
potential to spread to distant sites not
directly adjacent with the primary mass
metastasis
41
Enzymes produced by neoplastic cells that degrade adjacent tissues
1. lysosomal hydrolases
2. collagenase
3. plasminogen activator
42
important factor in invasiveness
motility
43
Steps to complete metastasis
1) Release from site of origin
2) Transportation
3) Lodgment at distant site
4) Growth and survival at lodgment site
44
destroy vital structures due to their location and may even be fatal even if benign
tumor masses
45
wasting of body mass occurring out of proportion to the mass of neoplasm
cancer cachexia
46
Agents known to cause neoplasia
carcinogen
47
developmental process of neoplastic transformation occurring in cells
carcinogenesis
48
Classes of carcinogens
A. Direct-reacting carcinogens
B. Procarcinogen
C. Initiator
D. Promoter or co-carcinogen
E. Complete carcinogen
49
reactive substances that require no activation by biologic processes
Direct-reacting carcinogens
50
agents that must be metabolized in the animal body to the “proximate” or ultimate carcinogen
procarcinogen
51
may not be a carcinogen at all but are capable of initiating a change in the cell
initiator
52
agents that then applied after initiation
promotes the development of tumors
promoter or co-carcinogen
53
act as both initiator and promoter
complete carcinogen
54
Major Categories of Carcinogens
1. Physical agents
2. Oncogenic viruses
3. Chemical carcinogens
55
Theories in Carcinogenesis
1) Somatic Mutation Theory
2) Epigenetic Theory
3) Oncogene Theory
56
Factors Influencing Carcinogenesis
1. Host factors
2. Environmental factors
57
occur on skin and may have a variety of forms from pedunculated to flat, smooth or villous
Papillomas
58
occur in glands
adenomas
59
smooth, spherical or membranous mass projecting on a mucosal surface;
maybe broad-based or pedunculated
polyp
60
common in the skin of dogs
hemangiomas
61
proper term for malignant tumor of lymphocytes
lymphosarcoma
62
clinical term for malignant cells circulating in the blood stream
leukemia
63
malignancy usually involving the granulocytic group, red cells, megakaryocytes
myelogenous leukemia
64
common descriptive term used for usually or greatly enlarged organ
abnormal mass
65
ulcerated lesion particularly on body
surfaces
persistent nonhealing ulcerating lesion
66
tumors that tend to be discrete masses
benign
67
not an indication of prognosis
Size
68
monotonous pattern of masses of cells with similar appearance and very little apparent stromal support
sheets of cells
69
cells forming acinar units, as in a secretory gland like the thyroid or mammary gland
acinar arrangements
70
endocrine tumors in which a clump of cells is surrounded by a narrowband of connective tissue stroma
nest of cells
71
cells line up in a picket fence-type arrangement
palisading or trabecular patterns
72
single, double or finger-like projection of tumor cells invade surrounding tissue
tubular arrangements
73
Terminologies for sarcomas
1. Solid or loose arrangement
2. Whorls
3. Sheets
4. Localized around blood vessels
5. Spindly cells
6. Fleshy cells
7. Well or poorly-differentiated
8. Monotonous
9. Variable
74
prominent in many tumors, particularly in the center of a large mass
necrosis
75
Four main mechanisms for the spread of tumors
1. By infiltration
2. By spreading via blood vessels
3. By spreading via the lymphatics
4. By implantation
76
Two theories on the success of Metastasis
1. The Soil Theory
2. The Mechanical Theory
77
Treatment of Tumors
1. by surgery
2. by irradiation
3. by chemotherapy
78
Methods of Tumor Diagnosis
1. Histologic examinations
2. Immunocytochemical examination
3. DNA Probe analysis and DNA Flow Cytometry
4. Tumor Marker Detection
79
most important method of tumor diagnosis
histologic examinations
80
detected in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
alpha fetal globulin
81
abnormal antigen detected in blood of patient
with neoplastic condition
alpha fetal globulin
82
produced by fetal hepatocytes but normally disappears late in fetal life
alpha fetal globulin
83
widely used for cancer detection particularly in respiratory and gastrointestinal tumors
carcinoembryonic antigen
84
made by intestinal epithelium in fetal life and appear in adult life in events of
tumor
carcinoembryonic antigen
85
genes whose products are associated with
neoplastic transformation
oncogenes
86
normal cellular genes that affect growth and differentiation
Proto-oncogenes (Proto-oncs)
87
Proto-oncs can be converted into oncogenes by
1. Transduction into retroviruses (v-oncs)
2. Changes in situ that affect their expression and/or function, thereby converting them into c-oncs
88
viral oncogenes
v-oncs
89
cellular oncogenes
c-oncs
90
tumor must find a “suitable soil” for its growth
requirements
Soil theory
91
tumor will grow wherever it lands, and only mechanical factors and chance influence sites of metastases
Mechanical theory
92
When there is little apparent stroma, stromal arrangements may be described as:
1. scant, as in sheets of cell
2. Locular, as in the case of nests
3. Scirrhous
93
testicular interstitial cell tumor kind of microscopic description
Palisading or trabecular patterns
94
Tubular arrangement tumor example
1. basal cell tumors
2. anal gland tumors
95
abnormal malignant cells present in the circulating blood, and it may occur in about half of the cases of lymphosarcoma
leukemia
96
common group of epithelial tumors in dogs
basal cell group
97
common group of epithelial tumors in dogs is the basal cell group examples
1. sweat gland adenoma
2. sebaceous gland adenoma
3. hair follicle tumor
98
examples of polyp
1. Nasal polyp
2. Rectal polyp
99
warts or “kulugo”
papilloma
100
Host factors influencing Carcinogenesis
1. age
2. sex
3. hormones
4. nutrition
5. breed
101
Neoantigens at the cell surfaces
tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)
102
TSTA’s share the same characteristics in cells induced by the same virus
virus-induced neoplasia
103
tumors produced by chemical carcinogens evoke transplantation immunity only against the same tumor
private antigens
104
prolonged exposure to sunlight predisposes to skin cancer in?
cats, cattle, humans
105
exposure of cattle to this plant may lead to bladder neoplasms
bracken fern
106
tumors which is common in male dogs than bitches
perianal gland tumor
107
tumors that are rare in male animals
mammary tumors
108
notoriously known for developing all sorts of
tumors
boxers
109
most commonly seen in German shepherd
hemangiosarcomas
110
Osteosarcomas are common in what breeds
1. Great danes
2. Saint bernard
3. Irish wolfhound
