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b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology > LN 07 (Disturbance of Growth) > Flashcards

LN 07 (Disturbance of Growth) Flashcards

1
Q

sequence of events comprising mitosis

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

cell cytoplasm and nuclei become enlarge and the nucleoli become prominent, and there occur active production of proteins and ribonucleic acid

A

G1 phase

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3
Q

marked by active synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and occupies about 30-40% of the cycle

A

S phase

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4
Q

phase wherein other preparations for cellular division takes place, and occupies another 10-20% of the cycle

A

G2 phase

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5
Q

daughter cells are produced which undergo terminal differentiation and are no longer capable of cellular division

A

M phase (Mitotic phase)

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6
Q

may result in either excess or a deficit of tissue, or may
produce an abnormal pattern of development

A

disturbances in growth

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7
Q

malformations present at birth

A

congenital

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8
Q

suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop
and is therefore absent

A

agenesis

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9
Q

failure of the tissue or organ to grow and
therefore a rudimentary organ is present

A

aplasia

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9
Q

used to refer to failure of a tissue to renew itself

A

aplasia

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9
Q

failure of bone marrow to renew itself that leads to

A

aplastic anemia

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9
Q

refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size

A

hypoplasia

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9
Q

Examples of hypoplasia

A
  1. Renal hypoplasia
  2. Testicular hypoplasia
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9
Q

means absence or closure of a normal body opening

A

atresia

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10
Q

atresia ani is common in

A

pigs

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10
Q

adaptive changes of cells and tissues to various
noxious stimuli, particularly those that persist for long periods creating an
increase in the functional demand

A

acquired abnormalities

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11
Q

implies a reduction in the mass or size of an organ or tissue

A

atrophy

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12
Q

reduction due to a decrease in the number of cells

A

numerical atrophy

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13
Q

reduction in the size of individual cells

A

quantitative atrophy

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14
Q

atrophy that is due to apoptosis

A

numerical atrophy

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15
Q

occurs in many tissues as part of the normal involution of tissues and organs

A

physiological atrophy

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16
Q

Mechanic of Physiological atrophy

A

Do not receive
adequate hormonal stimulation and are no longer wanted

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17
Q

Common examples of atrophy

A
  1. involution of the thymus as the animal matures,
  2. reduction in the
    mammary glands of males of species
  3. postpartum changes in the uterus,
  4. reduction in fetal structures such as the umbilical vessels and ductus arteriosus
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18
Q

also termed as complete atrophy

A

involution

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19
Q

Pathological atrophy occurs whenever there is deprivation of blood supply, nutritional requirement, or hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease that produces

A

trophic hormone

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20
Q

due to inadequate dietary intake or in chronic
starvation

A

nutritional atrophy

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21
Q

as a result of long-standing ischemia

A

vascular atrophy

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22
Q

due to reduced functional activity such as those
occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time

A

disuse atrophy

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23
Q

due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues

A

pressure atrophy

24
Q

due to loss of trophic hormones such as
that seen in pituitary disease resulting to generalized somatic atrophy

A

endocrine/hormonal atrophy

25
Q

Types of pathological atrophy

A
  1. Nutritional atrophy
  2. Vascular atrophy
  3. Disuse atrophy
  4. Pressure atrophy
  5. Endocrine or Hormonal atrophy
  6. Atrophy due to metabolic, neoplastic, or infectious diseases
26
Q

a classic response of muscle to denervation

A

withered or shrunken limb

27
Q

may be considered complete atrophy

A

involution of the normal corpus luteum

28
Q

results in a slow localized loss of cells through degeneration and necrosis, as when an expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules, causing?

A

pressure atrophy

29
Q

very important lesion to recognize during
postmortem examination because it is and indication of emaciation

A

serous atrophy of fat

30
Q

Some Classical Example of Atrophy

A
  1. Withered or shrunken limb
  2. Involution of the normal corpus luteum
  3. Pressure atrophy
  4. Serous atrophy of fat
  5. Disuse atrophy
31
Q

Hypertrophy in its pure form occurs only in muscles in response to

A

increased demand for work

32
Q

increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an
increase in the size of individual cells

A

hypertrophy

33
Q

an increase in
tissue mass or organ size due to an
increase in the number of
constituent cells

A

hyperplasia

34
Q

occurs in those tissues that are incapable of
regeneration, such as cardiac muscles and nerve cell bodies

A

hypertrophy

35
Q

following increased hormonal stimulation, as in mammary
gland during lactation

A

endocrine

36
Q

especially in paired organ when one is severely
damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function

A

compensatory

37
Q

as a response to increased functional demands

A

functional

38
Q

as part of the repair process, e.g., healing of fractured
bone, and healing of liver defect by regeneration

A

replacement

39
Q

in response to chronic irritation or infection

A

reactive

40
Q

Types of hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Compensatory
  3. Functional
  4. Replacement
  5. Reactive
  6. Neoplastic
41
Q

tumors are formed because of localized areas of increase in cells, and thus, tumors are pathological forms of hyperplasia

A

neoplastic

42
Q

when the added tissue mass assumes nodules,
e.g., in liver tissue remodeling

A

nodular hyperplasia

43
Q

when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g.,
cystic prostatic hyperplasia

A

cystic hyperplasia

44
Q

form frond like projections, e.g., hyperplasia of
lining epithelia of tubular organs

A

papillary hyperplasia

45
Q

when they form gland-like mass resembling
neoplasm

A

adenomatous hyperplasia

46
Q

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia is best differentiated

A

histological

47
Q

adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated
tissue is replaced by a different but related tissue type

A

metaplasia

48
Q

occurs following prolonged irritation
or chronic infection

A

epithelial metaplasia

49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q

reversible and is most commonly seen as a replacement from a specialized tissue type to a less specialized one but more resistant cell type

A

metaplasia

52
Q

occurs following prolonged irritation
or chronic infection such as that occurring in urinary stones where the bladder epithelia is changed, and in nutritional deficiencies

A

epithelial metaplasia

53
Q

cause squamous metaplasia of esophageal glands and prostate gland

A

vitamin A deficiency

54
Q

metaplasia that occurs in association with repair processes

A

connective tissue metaplasia

55
Q

Metaplasia does not occur because of alterations in existing mature cells, rather?

A

depends on the proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo a modified differentiation

56
Q

proliferative response accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by cellular atypia and tissue architectural disarray

A

dysplasia

57
Q

abnormal growth

A

dysplasia

58
Q

Cellular atypia is characterized by (2)

A
  1. Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape)
  2. Hyperchromicity
    (increased staining)
59
Q

most significant finding of serous atrophy of fat

A

loss of fat from fat depots

60
Q

Due to inactivity it results to reduction
in size of the organ

A

disuse atrophy

61
Q

Microscopically, tissue appear more cellular
due to what appears to be
clustering of nuclei due to
reductions in the amount of cytoplasm

A

pathological atrophy

62
Q

Grossly, the tissues or organs are smaller than normal but usually retain their normal shape.

A

pathological atrophy

63
Q

Acquired Abnormalities (5)

A
  1. atrophy
  2. hypertrophy
  3. hyperplasia
  4. metaplasia
  5. dysplasia
64
Q

malformation may occur as a result of

A
  1. genetics
  2. non genetic influence

b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology (15 decks)

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