LN 07 (Disturbance of Growth)

Question 1

sequence of events comprising mitosis

Answer 1

cell cycle

Question 2

cell cytoplasm and nuclei become enlarge and the nucleoli become prominent, and there occur active production of proteins and ribonucleic acid

Answer 2

G1 phase

Question 3

marked by active synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and occupies about 30-40% of the cycle

Answer 3

S phase

Question 4

phase wherein other preparations for cellular division takes place, and occupies another 10-20% of the cycle

Answer 4

G2 phase

Question 5

daughter cells are produced which undergo terminal differentiation and are no longer capable of cellular division

Answer 5

M phase (Mitotic phase)

Question 6

may result in either excess or a deficit of tissue, or may
produce an abnormal pattern of development

Answer 6

disturbances in growth

Question 7

malformations present at birth

Answer 7

congenital

Question 8

suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop
and is therefore absent

Answer 8

agenesis

Question 9

failure of the tissue or organ to grow and
therefore a rudimentary organ is present

Answer 9

aplasia

Question 9

used to refer to failure of a tissue to renew itself

Answer 9

aplasia

Question 9

failure of bone marrow to renew itself that leads to

Answer 9

aplastic anemia

Question 9

refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size

Answer 9

hypoplasia

Question 9

Examples of hypoplasia

Answer 9

1. Renal hypoplasia
2. Testicular hypoplasia

Question 9

means absence or closure of a normal body opening

Answer 9

atresia

Question 10

atresia ani is common in

Answer 10

pigs

Question 10

adaptive changes of cells and tissues to various
noxious stimuli, particularly those that persist for long periods creating an
increase in the functional demand

Answer 10

acquired abnormalities

Question 11

implies a reduction in the mass or size of an organ or tissue

Answer 11

atrophy

Question 12

reduction due to a decrease in the number of cells

Answer 12

numerical atrophy

Question 13

reduction in the size of individual cells

Answer 13

quantitative atrophy

Question 14

atrophy that is due to apoptosis

Answer 14

numerical atrophy

Question 15

occurs in many tissues as part of the normal involution of tissues and organs

Answer 15

physiological atrophy

Question 16

Mechanic of Physiological atrophy

Answer 16

Do not receive
adequate hormonal stimulation and are no longer wanted

Question 17

Common examples of atrophy

Answer 17

1. involution of the thymus as the animal matures,
2. reduction in the
   mammary glands of males of species
3. postpartum changes in the uterus,
4. reduction in fetal structures such as the umbilical vessels and ductus arteriosus

Question 18

also termed as complete atrophy

Answer 18

involution

Question 19

Pathological atrophy occurs whenever there is deprivation of blood supply, nutritional requirement, or hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease that produces

Answer 19

trophic hormone

Question 20

due to inadequate dietary intake or in chronic starvation

Answer 20

nutritional atrophy

Question 21

as a result of long-standing ischemia

Answer 21

vascular atrophy

Question 22

due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time

Answer 22

disuse atrophy

Question 23

due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues

Answer 23

pressure atrophy

Question 24

due to loss of trophic hormones such as that seen in pituitary disease resulting to generalized somatic atrophy

Answer 24

endocrine/hormonal atrophy

Question 25

Types of pathological atrophy

Answer 25

1. Nutritional atrophy 2. Vascular atrophy 3. Disuse atrophy 4. Pressure atrophy 5. Endocrine or Hormonal atrophy 6. Atrophy due to metabolic, neoplastic, or infectious diseases

Question 26

a classic response of muscle to denervation

Answer 26

withered or shrunken limb

Question 27

may be considered complete atrophy

Answer 27

involution of the normal corpus luteum

Question 28

results in a slow localized loss of cells through degeneration and necrosis, as when an expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules, causing?

Answer 28

pressure atrophy

Question 29

very important lesion to recognize during postmortem examination because it is and indication of emaciation

Answer 29

serous atrophy of fat

Question 30

Some Classical Example of Atrophy

Answer 30

1. Withered or shrunken limb 2. Involution of the normal corpus luteum 3. Pressure atrophy 4. Serous atrophy of fat 5. Disuse atrophy

Question 31

Hypertrophy in its pure form occurs only in muscles in response to

Answer 31

increased demand for work

Question 32

increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of individual cells

Answer 32

hypertrophy

Question 33

an increase in tissue mass or organ size due to an increase in the number of constituent cells

Answer 33

hyperplasia

Question 34

occurs in those tissues that are incapable of regeneration, such as cardiac muscles and nerve cell bodies

Answer 34

hypertrophy

Question 35

following increased hormonal stimulation, as in mammary gland during lactation

Answer 35

endocrine

Question 36

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function

Answer 36

compensatory

Question 37

as a response to increased functional demands

Answer 37

functional

Question 38

as part of the repair process, e.g., healing of fractured bone, and healing of liver defect by regeneration

Answer 38

replacement

Question 39

in response to chronic irritation or infection

Answer 39

reactive

Question 40

Types of hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Answer 40

1. Endocrine 2. Compensatory 3. Functional 4. Replacement 5. Reactive 6. Neoplastic

Question 41

tumors are formed because of localized areas of increase in cells, and thus, tumors are pathological forms of hyperplasia

Answer 41

neoplastic

Question 42

when the added tissue mass assumes nodules, e.g., in liver tissue remodeling

Answer 42

nodular hyperplasia

Question 43

when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g., cystic prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 43

cystic hyperplasia

Question 44

form frond like projections, e.g., hyperplasia of lining epithelia of tubular organs

Answer 44

papillary hyperplasia

Question 45

when they form gland-like mass resembling neoplasm

Answer 45

adenomatous hyperplasia

Question 46

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia is best differentiated

Answer 46

histological

Question 47

adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated tissue is replaced by a different but related tissue type

Answer 47

metaplasia

Question 48

occurs following prolonged irritation or chronic infection

Answer 48

epithelial metaplasia

Question 51

reversible and is most commonly seen as a replacement from a specialized tissue type to a less specialized one but more resistant cell type

Answer 51

metaplasia

Question 52

occurs following prolonged irritation or chronic infection such as that occurring in urinary stones where the bladder epithelia is changed, and in nutritional deficiencies

Answer 52

epithelial metaplasia

Question 53

cause squamous metaplasia of esophageal glands and prostate gland

Answer 53

vitamin A deficiency

Question 54

metaplasia that occurs in association with repair processes

Answer 54

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 55

Metaplasia does not occur because of alterations in existing mature cells, rather?

Answer 55

depends on the proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo a modified differentiation

Question 56

proliferative response accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by cellular atypia and tissue architectural disarray

Answer 56

dysplasia

Question 57

abnormal growth

Answer 57

dysplasia

Question 58

Cellular atypia is characterized by (2)

Answer 58

1. Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape) 2. Hyperchromicity (increased staining)

Question 59

most significant finding of serous atrophy of fat

Answer 59

loss of fat from fat depots

Question 60

Due to inactivity it results to reduction in size of the organ

Answer 60

disuse atrophy

Question 61

Microscopically, tissue appear more cellular due to what appears to be clustering of nuclei due to reductions in the amount of cytoplasm

Answer 61

pathological atrophy

Question 62

Grossly, the tissues or organs are smaller than normal but usually retain their normal shape.

Answer 62

pathological atrophy

Question 63

Acquired Abnormalities (5)

Answer 63

1. atrophy 2. hypertrophy 3. hyperplasia 4. metaplasia 5. dysplasia

Question 64

malformation may occur as a result of

Answer 64

1. genetics 2. non genetic influence