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b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

granulocyte which are non phagocytic cells

A

basophils

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2
Q

prominent in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

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3
Q

neutrophils

A

polymorphonuclear cells

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4
Q

first to arrive at the site of inflammation

A

neutrophils

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5
Q

second to migrate at the site of inflammation

A

monocytes

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6
Q

found in tissues of all types of inflammation, esp. after acute increase of neutrophils

A

lymphocytes

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7
Q

monocytes becomes part of the tissue and then becomes?

A

macrophage

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8
Q

2 distinct cells of lymphocytes

A

memory cells, plasma cells

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9
Q

Mediators of inflammation

A
  1. proteins
  2. peptides
  3. glycoproteins
  4. cytokines
  5. arachidonic acid metabolites
  6. nitric oxide
  7. oxygen free radicals
  8. vasoactive amines
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10
Q

responsible for hemodynamic and vascular changes

A

vasoactive amines

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11
Q

Roles of histamines

A
  1. cause immediate vascular changes (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
  2. cause increase of vascular permeability
  3. demonstrate chemotactic for eosinophils
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12
Q

regulate almost all immune cells in response to inflammation following activation of platelets

A

serotonin

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13
Q

serotonin are found in

A

a. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
b. Central Nervous System (CNS)
c. dense granules of platelets

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14
Q

2 plasma factors

A

kinin system, complement system

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15
Q

plasma contacts with these then activate the Hageman factor (Factor XII)

A
  1. collagen
  2. endotoxins
  3. basement membrane proteins
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16
Q

these are the most important mediators of inflammation

A

complement system

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17
Q

2 pathways which activates the 2 pathways

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Non-immunologic stimuli
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18
Q

activates Prostaglandin from arachidonic metabolites

A

Cyclooxygenase pathway

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19
Q

leukotrienes are derived thru

A

lipoxygenase pathway

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20
Q

produces pain potentiating the effect of bradykinin and act on the hypothalamic mechanism of fever production

A

Prostaglandin E2

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21
Q

inhibit platelet aggregation

A

PG12 (Prostacycline)

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22
Q

LTB4

A

potent chemotactic agent for neutrophil and monocyte macrophage

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23
Q

powerful stimulator of vascular permeability, 1000 times potency than histamine

A

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

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24
Q

activators of inflammation

A
  1. hydrolytic enzymes
  2. proteases
  3. cationic proteins
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25
Q

leukocyte substances

A
  1. hydrolytic enzymes
  2. proteases
  3. cationic proteins
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26
Q

SRSA

A

slow reactive substances of anaphylaxis

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27
Q

biologically active substances produced by T-cells during immune system

A

Lymphokines

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28
Q

Key features of Chronicity

A
  1. caused by persistent inflammatory stimulus in which the host failed to completely rid the tissue of invader
  2. inflammatory response is accompanied with immune response due to persistence of invader
  3. highlighted by evidence of host tissue contributions in terms of reparative response
  4. characterized histiologically by both mononuclear infiltrates cells and by CT cells such as fibroblasts
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29
Q

Cellular Phases of Inflammatory Response

A
  1. margination and pigmenting
  2. diapedesis
  3. chemotaxis
  4. phagocytosis
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30
Q

Major events of inflammation

A
  1. Changes in vascular flow
  2. increase vascular permeability
  3. leukocyte exudation
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31
Q

promote leukocyte adhesion

A
  1. ELAM 1
  2. ICAM
  3. Interleukin 1 + Tumor necrosis factor
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32
Q

ELAM 1

A

endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1

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33
Q

ICAM

A

intracellular adhesion molecule

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34
Q

explain the process of leukocyte exudation

A
  1. leukocyte adhesion
  2. immigration
  3. phagocytosis
  4. intracellular degradation of ingested particles
  5. extracellular release of leukocyte products
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35
Q

substance which alter body temperature

A

pyrogen

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36
Q

fever

A
  • elevation of body temperature
  • clinical condition associated with variety of disease stage
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37
Q

occurs as a result of contraction of endothelium elicited by chemical mediators

A

immediate transient response

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38
Q

caused by sever injury which leads to endothelial necrosis

A

immediate sustained reaction

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39
Q

due to direct injury to endothelium causing intracellular gaps

A

delayed prolonged leakage

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40
Q

components of inflammation

A

vascular bed, blood, connective tissue

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41
Q

inflammation involves

A

blood, vessels, cells

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42
Q

function of accumulated fluid in site of injury

A
  1. dilute
  2. localize
  3. destroy
  4. remove
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43
Q

causes of inflammation

A
  1. pathogenic microorganisms
  2. chemical injuries
  3. mechanical and thermal injuries
  4. immune reactions
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44
Q

advantages of inflammation

A
  1. protect surrounding tissue by localizing and isolating injured tissue
  2. neutralize and inactivate toxins
  3. destroys and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms
  4. prepares injured area for healing and repair
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45
Q

disadvantages of inflammation

A
  1. excessive scar formation
  2. varying degrees of disabilities as a result of pain and swelling
  3. tissue compression, vessel rupture, hemorrhage
  4. formation of cavities, sinus, and fistula
  5. aggregates inflammation by destruction of surrounding intact tissue
  6. development of inflammatory diseases
46
Q

cardinal signs

A
  1. rubor
  2. tumor
  3. calor
  4. dolor
  5. functio laesa
47
Q

specific gravity of exudates

A

higher than 1.020

49
Q

specific gravity of transudates

A

less than 1.012

50
Q

it is an ultra filtrate plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalance across vascular endothelium

A

transudate

51
Q

pus

A

purulent inflammatory exudate rich in leukocyte and parenchymal debris

52
Q

lymphocytes are derived in

A

bone marrow thru hematopoiesis

53
Q

b lymphocytes are derived in

54
Q

accounts for 70% of lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes

55
Q

peripheral blood phagocytes

56
Q

formed by the process of maturation and deviation of b lymphocytes into distinct cells

A

plasma cells

57
Q

histamine are stored in

A

granules of mast cells, can be found in basophils and platelets

58
Q

HOCI

A

hypochlorous acid

59
Q

HCI

A

hydrogen peroxide

60
Q

briefly explain the changes of vascular flow

A

vasoconstriction > vasodilatation > increase permeability > leukocyte margination

61
Q

normal fluid exchange is maintained by

A

starling’s law/equilibrium

62
Q

normal fluid exchange is maintained by 2 opposing forces

A

hydrostatic pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure

63
Q

differentiate acute and subacute

A

acute > begins within 4-6 hours and can remain constant in appearance depending on initiators for several days

subacute > may cover considerable time span between acute reaction and which evidence of chronicity occurs

64
Q

prolonged inflammation caused by persistent agent

65
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of intestines

66
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of lymph nodes

67
Q

dermatatis

A

inflammation of skin

68
Q

abomasitis

A

inflammation of abomasum

69
Q

arteritis

A

inflammation of arteries

70
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

71
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of head of penis (the glans)

72
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of bladder

73
Q

cheilitis

A

inflammation of lips

74
Q

cholangitis

A

inflammation of bile ducts

75
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gallbladder

76
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of colon

77
Q

anaphylaxis in cats is usually on

78
Q

clinical signs of anaphylaxis in dogs are mostly observed in

79
Q

agents that cause anaphylaxis

A

a. venom
b. sting bits
c. vaccine
d. variety of drugs
e. food substances

80
Q

t lymphocytes are derived from

81
Q

responsible for cell mediated immunity

A

t lymphocytes

82
Q

t lymphocytes does not release antibodies but release

A

lymphokines

83
Q

b lymphocytes are derived from

84
Q

secrete antibodies after conversion to plasma cells

A

b lymphocytes

85
Q

Reaction of tissues to antigen is mediated by

A
  1. B lymphocytes
  2. T lymphocytes
86
Q

heavy and light chains are linked by

A

disulfide bonds

87
Q

react with specific antigen, then give rise to diversity of immunologic response

A

FAG portion

88
Q

CD4

A

WBC coordinate with immune response

89
Q

account for 60% of cell mediated immunity

A

t helper lymphocytes

90
Q

help generate cytotoxic t-cells in order to participate in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

t helper lymphocytes

91
Q

important arm of antiviral immune response

92
Q

account for 20% of circulating lymphocytes

93
Q

Process of Immune system

A
  1. Inactivation of biologic agents
  2. lysis of foreign cells
  3. agglutination of molecules
  4. precipitation of molecules
  5. phagocytosis of foreign materials
94
Q

2 broad categories of immune reaction

A
  1. humoral immunity - produce antibodies
  2. cell mediated - innate
95
Q

exudate predominated by RBC

A

hemorrhage

96
Q

exudate predominated by macrophages

A

granulomatous

97
Q

pus mostly consists of neutrophils

A

suppurative

98
Q

exudate predominated by fibrin and blood clot

99
Q

extracellular release of leukocyte products

A
  1. lysosomal enzymes by regurgitation during feeding or reverse endocytosis and cytotoxic release
  2. oxygen derived metabolites
  3. products of arachidonic acid
100
Q

proteases secreted serine proteins

A

kallikrein

101
Q

macrophages in CT

A

histiocytes

102
Q

macrophages in skin

A

langerhan cells

103
Q

macrophages in liver

A

von kupffer cell

104
Q

macrophages in lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

105
Q

macrophages in brain

A

microglial cells

106
Q

lysosomal enzymes released by neutrophils

A
  1. myeloperoxidase
  2. acid hydrolysis
  3. lysosomes or muramidase
  4. cationic proteins
107
Q

least numerous and share common properties of mast cells

108
Q

secrete and release vasoactive amines

109
Q

briefly explain the four cardinal signs

A

rubor - caused by hyperemia that results from vasodilation and increase blood flow to the inflamed area

tumor - is due to accumulation of exudates and other exudates as a direct result of increased vascular permeability

heat - results from combined effects of increased blood flow to inflamed area and systemic increase of temperature that is fever

pain - arises from stimulation of nerve endings by cytokines and other mediators of inflammation

b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology (15 decks)

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