Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
granulocyte which are non phagocytic cells
A
basophils
2
Q
prominent in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
A
eosinophils
3
Q
neutrophils
A
polymorphonuclear cells
4
Q
first to arrive at the site of inflammation
A
neutrophils
5
Q
second to migrate at the site of inflammation
A
monocytes
6
Q
found in tissues of all types of inflammation, esp. after acute increase of neutrophils
A
lymphocytes
7
Q
monocytes becomes part of the tissue and then becomes?
A
macrophage
8
Q
2 distinct cells of lymphocytes
A
memory cells, plasma cells
9
Q
Mediators of inflammation
A
- proteins
- peptides
- glycoproteins
- cytokines
- arachidonic acid metabolites
- nitric oxide
- oxygen free radicals
- vasoactive amines
10
Q
responsible for hemodynamic and vascular changes
A
vasoactive amines
11
Q
Roles of histamines
A
- cause immediate vascular changes (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
- cause increase of vascular permeability
- demonstrate chemotactic for eosinophils
12
Q
regulate almost all immune cells in response to inflammation following activation of platelets
A
serotonin
13
Q
serotonin are found in
A
a. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
b. Central Nervous System (CNS)
c. dense granules of platelets
14
Q
2 plasma factors
A
kinin system, complement system
15
Q
plasma contacts with these then activate the Hageman factor (Factor XII)
A
- collagen
- endotoxins
- basement membrane proteins
16
Q
these are the most important mediators of inflammation
A
complement system
17
Q
2 pathways which activates the 2 pathways
A
- Classical pathway
- Non-immunologic stimuli
18
Q
activates Prostaglandin from arachidonic metabolites
A
Cyclooxygenase pathway
19
Q
leukotrienes are derived thru
A
lipoxygenase pathway
20
Q
produces pain potentiating the effect of bradykinin and act on the hypothalamic mechanism of fever production
A
Prostaglandin E2
21
Q
inhibit platelet aggregation
A
PG12 (Prostacycline)
22
Q
LTB4
A
potent chemotactic agent for neutrophil and monocyte macrophage
23
Q
powerful stimulator of vascular permeability, 1000 times potency than histamine
A
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
24
Q
activators of inflammation
A
- hydrolytic enzymes
- proteases
- cationic proteins
25
leukocyte substances
1. hydrolytic enzymes
2. proteases
3. cationic proteins
26
SRSA
slow reactive substances of anaphylaxis
27
biologically active substances produced by T-cells during immune system
Lymphokines
28
Key features of Chronicity
1. caused by persistent inflammatory stimulus in which the host failed to completely rid the tissue of invader
2. inflammatory response is accompanied with immune response due to persistence of invader
3. highlighted by evidence of host tissue contributions in terms of reparative response
4. characterized histiologically by both mononuclear infiltrates cells and by CT cells such as fibroblasts
29
Cellular Phases of Inflammatory Response
1. margination and pigmenting
2. diapedesis
3. chemotaxis
4. phagocytosis
30
Major events of inflammation
1. Changes in vascular flow
2. increase vascular permeability
3. leukocyte exudation
31
promote leukocyte adhesion
1. ELAM 1
2. ICAM
3. Interleukin 1 + Tumor necrosis factor
32
ELAM 1
endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1
33
ICAM
intracellular adhesion molecule
34
explain the process of leukocyte exudation
1. leukocyte adhesion
2. immigration
3. phagocytosis
4. intracellular degradation of ingested particles
5. extracellular release of leukocyte products
35
substance which alter body temperature
pyrogen
36
fever
- elevation of body temperature
- clinical condition associated with variety of disease stage
37
occurs as a result of contraction of endothelium elicited by chemical mediators
immediate transient response
38
caused by sever injury which leads to endothelial necrosis
immediate sustained reaction
39
due to direct injury to endothelium causing intracellular gaps
delayed prolonged leakage
40
components of inflammation
vascular bed, blood, connective tissue
41
inflammation involves
blood, vessels, cells
42
function of accumulated fluid in site of injury
1. dilute
2. localize
3. destroy
4. remove
43
causes of inflammation
1. pathogenic microorganisms
2. chemical injuries
3. mechanical and thermal injuries
4. immune reactions
44
advantages of inflammation
1. protect surrounding tissue by localizing and isolating injured tissue
2. neutralize and inactivate toxins
3. destroys and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms
4. prepares injured area for healing and repair
45
disadvantages of inflammation
1. excessive scar formation
2. varying degrees of disabilities as a result of pain and swelling
3. tissue compression, vessel rupture, hemorrhage
4. formation of cavities, sinus, and fistula
5. aggregates inflammation by destruction of surrounding intact tissue
6. development of inflammatory diseases
46
cardinal signs
1. rubor
2. tumor
3. calor
4. dolor
5. functio laesa
47
specific gravity of exudates
higher than 1.020
48
49
specific gravity of transudates
less than 1.012
50
it is an ultra filtrate plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalance across vascular endothelium
transudate
51
pus
purulent inflammatory exudate rich in leukocyte and parenchymal debris
52
lymphocytes are derived in
bone marrow thru hematopoiesis
53
b lymphocytes are derived in
bursa
54
accounts for 70% of lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
55
peripheral blood phagocytes
monocytes
56
formed by the process of maturation and deviation of b lymphocytes into distinct cells
plasma cells
57
histamine are stored in
granules of mast cells, can be found in basophils and platelets
58
HOCI
hypochlorous acid
59
HCI
hydrogen peroxide
60
briefly explain the changes of vascular flow
vasoconstriction > vasodilatation > increase permeability > leukocyte margination
61
normal fluid exchange is maintained by
starling's law/equilibrium
62
normal fluid exchange is maintained by 2 opposing forces
hydrostatic pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure
63
differentiate acute and subacute
acute > begins within 4-6 hours and can remain constant in appearance depending on initiators for several days
subacute > may cover considerable time span between acute reaction and which evidence of chronicity occurs
64
prolonged inflammation caused by persistent agent
chronic
65
enteritis
inflammation of intestines
66
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
67
dermatatis
inflammation of skin
68
abomasitis
inflammation of abomasum
69
arteritis
inflammation of arteries
70
arthritis
inflammation of joints
71
balanitis
inflammation of head of penis (the glans)
72
cystitis
inflammation of bladder
73
cheilitis
inflammation of lips
74
cholangitis
inflammation of bile ducts
75
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
76
colitis
inflammation of colon
77
anaphylaxis in cats is usually on
lungs
78
clinical signs of anaphylaxis in dogs are mostly observed in
GIT
79
agents that cause anaphylaxis
a. venom
b. sting bits
c. vaccine
d. variety of drugs
e. food substances
80
t lymphocytes are derived from
thymus
81
responsible for cell mediated immunity
t lymphocytes
82
t lymphocytes does not release antibodies but release
lymphokines
83
b lymphocytes are derived from
bursa
84
secrete antibodies after conversion to plasma cells
b lymphocytes
85
Reaction of tissues to antigen is mediated by
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
86
heavy and light chains are linked by
disulfide bonds
87
react with specific antigen, then give rise to diversity of immunologic response
FAG portion
88
CD4
WBC coordinate with immune response
89
account for 60% of cell mediated immunity
t helper lymphocytes
90
help generate cytotoxic t-cells in order to participate in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction
t helper lymphocytes
91
important arm of antiviral immune response
CD8
92
account for 20% of circulating lymphocytes
b cells
93
Process of Immune system
1. Inactivation of biologic agents
2. lysis of foreign cells
3. agglutination of molecules
4. precipitation of molecules
5. phagocytosis of foreign materials
94
2 broad categories of immune reaction
1. humoral immunity - produce antibodies
2. cell mediated - innate
95
exudate predominated by RBC
hemorrhage
96
exudate predominated by macrophages
granulomatous
97
pus mostly consists of neutrophils
suppurative
98
exudate predominated by fibrin and blood clot
fibrinous
99
extracellular release of leukocyte products
1. lysosomal enzymes by regurgitation during feeding or reverse endocytosis and cytotoxic release
2. oxygen derived metabolites
3. products of arachidonic acid
100
proteases secreted serine proteins
kallikrein
101
macrophages in CT
histiocytes
102
macrophages in skin
langerhan cells
103
macrophages in liver
von kupffer cell
104
macrophages in lungs
alveolar macrophages
105
macrophages in brain
microglial cells
106
lysosomal enzymes released by neutrophils
1. myeloperoxidase
2. acid hydrolysis
3. lysosomes or muramidase
4. cationic proteins
107
least numerous and share common properties of mast cells
basophils
108
secrete and release vasoactive amines
basophils
109
briefly explain the four cardinal signs
rubor - caused by hyperemia that results from vasodilation and increase blood flow to the inflamed area
tumor - is due to accumulation of exudates and other exudates as a direct result of increased vascular permeability
heat - results from combined effects of increased blood flow to inflamed area and systemic increase of temperature that is fever
pain - arises from stimulation of nerve endings by cytokines and other mediators of inflammation
110
