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b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology > Vetan Topic 1 > Flashcards

Vetan Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of the prenatal development of an organism; study of the growth and differentiation of an organism from zygote into a highly complex and independent living being like its parents

A

embryology

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2
Q

increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division

A

cell proliferation

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3
Q

result of cells expressing some genes and suppressing others within a common genome

A

cell differentiation

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4
Q

branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal development or congenital malformation

A

teratology

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5
Q

an abnormality that arises during prenatal
development due to hereditary or environmental factors

A

congenital malformation or congenital defect

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6
Q

a developmental disturbance that involves an organ or a portion of an organ

A

anomaly

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7
Q

developmental disturbance that involves several organs and causes great distortion of the individual

A

monstrosity

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8
Q

cell division that results in two daughter cells having diploid number of chromosomes
that are identical to the parent cell

A

mitosis

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9
Q

cell division that results in four daughter cells having haploid number of chromosomes

A

meiosis

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10
Q

sheet of cells which gives rise to all tissues and organs of the body

A

germ layer

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11
Q

the outermost germ layer; gives rise to the epidermis of the skin, nervous
tissues and some skeletal and connective tissues of the head

A

ectoderm

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12
Q

the middle germ layer; gives rise to most of the skeletal and muscular tissues, the heart and blood vessels and the urogenital system (kidney, ovary and testis)

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

innermost germ layer; form the lining of the digestive (stomach, intestine)
and respiratory (trachea, bronchus) tracts

A

endoderm

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14
Q

single layer or several layer of cells that rest on a basal lamina and are closely
joined together at their lateral surfaces

A

epithelium

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15
Q

type of epithelium which lines the blood vessels

A

endothelium

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16
Q

lines body cavities and covers the surfaces of visceral organs contained in these cavities

A

mesothelium

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17
Q

a group of loosely and irregularly arranged cells separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix

A

mesenchyme

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18
Q

tissue which connects and support other tissues of the body

A

connective tissue

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19
Q

What are the five events of early embryogenesis?

A

Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Neurulation

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20
Q

process of development and maturation of sex cells called gametes

A

gametogenesis

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21
Q

mature reproductive cells capable of fertilization

A

gametes

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22
Q

The structure and physiology of gametes must accommodate three functions. What are these?

A
  1. to survive in environment quite different from that of the gonad;
  2. to recognize homologous cells of the other gender and participate in events
    related to fertilization; and
  3. to provide sufficient genetic and cytoplasmic materials to support.
    development of a new organism
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23
Q

refers to the development and
maturation of female gamete

A

oogenesis

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24
Q

refers to the maturation and development of male gametes (spermatozoa)

A

spermatogenesis

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25
Q

gonads in males are known as?

A

testes

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26
Q

Inside the testes are specialized tubules known?

A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

During sexual differentiation, the primordial germ cells differentiate into _______ that undergo mitosis many times to produce many
daughter spermatogonia.

A

spermatogonia (diploid cells)

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28
Q

Increased production of the hormone _______
stimulates spermatogonia to enter Meiosis I and become primary spermatocytes

A

testosterone

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29
Q

Spermatids become spermatozoa in a process called?

A

spermiogenesis or morphogenesis

30
Q

primary spermatocytes complete Meiosis I to give rise to?

A

two secondary spermatocytes

31
Q

Meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes results to?

A

four spermatids

32
Q

sperm cells are stored inside the _______ where they complete their maturation before they are released to the outside environment through ejaculation

A

epididymis

33
Q

becomes compact to form the head of the sperm

A

nucleus

34
Q

the axial filament of the sperm

A

centrosome

35
Q

is reduced greatly in bulk giving envelop surrounding the head, rise to middle piece and tail

A

cytoplasm

36
Q

during spermiogenesis, golgi apparatus becomes the?

A

acrosome

37
Q

it becomes the spiral filament in the middle piece

A

mitochondria

38
Q

female gonads are known as the ______ and inside an important process known as oogenesis takes place

A

ovaries

39
Q

these are special stem cells found in the
female individual which eventually differentiate to form the female gametes or the
egg cells

A

oogonia

40
Q

hormone that initiates ovulation where the mature follicle ruptures releasing the secondary oocyte into the oviduct (fallopian tube)

A

luteinizing hormone

41
Q

Meiosis I begins shortly before birth but arrests at
prophase I where all primary oocytes stay dormant in the ovaries until it reaches?

A

puberty

42
Q

marks the beginning of the monthly
menstrual cycle in female individuals

A

puberty

43
Q

At sexual maturity, the primary oocytes complete the ______ to give rise to
secondary oocytes and the 1st polar body which later degenerate

A

1st meiotic division

44
Q

At ovulation, the nucleus of the secondary oocyte begins Meiosis II progressing only to
_________, then division arrests.

A

metaphase II

45
Q

Meiosis II only resumes when?

A

sperm penetration becomes successful

46
Q

zygote that will travel along
the fallopian tube and into the uterus and will implant itself into the

A

endometrium of uterus

47
Q

this hormone ensures that the endometrium is just the right layer and thickness for the
developing embryo

A

estrogen

48
Q

union of a haploid female gamete (oocyte) with a haploid male gamete (spermatozoon) to form a diploid zygote

A

fertilization

49
Q

Where does fertilization takes place?

A

fallopian tube (oviduct)

50
Q

it cover the sperm and impede making contact with the oocyte takes place and these changes increases sperm motility

A

sperm capacitation

51
Q

a series of cell divisions that occurs in the zygote following fertilization

A

cleavage

52
Q

cleavage that occurs in birds and
amphibians contains a large amount of yolk

A

meroblastic or discoid cleavage

53
Q

what are the two types of cleavage?

A
  1. Holoblastic cleavage or equal cleavage
  2. Meroblastic or discoid cleavage.
54
Q

cleavage that occursin mammals contains a small amount of yolk (isolecithal egg)

A

holoblastic cleavage or equal cleavage

55
Q

a series of mitotic divisions by which a large zygote
is fractionated into numerous ”normal size” cells called

A

blastomeres

56
Q

Cleavage begins with a zygote, progresses through compaction to a solid ball of cells called as?

A

a morula

57
Q

cleavage terminates at the start of?

A

blastocyst or blastula stage

58
Q

When does blastocyst develops?

A

during the 2nd week following the rupture of the zona pellucida

59
Q

blastomeres divide once every?

A

12 hours

60
Q

How many cell division does a morula have when it leaves the uterine tube and enters the uterus (uterine horn)?

A

16-cell stage

61
Q

During rapid transitional changes of morula, outer blastomeres become TROPHOBLAST which forms these two extraembryonic membranes?

A

chorion and amnion

62
Q

While inner blastomeres become the INNER CELL MASS OR EMBRYONIC DISC, which forms? (3)

A

embryo
yolk sac and allantois

63
Q

What are the four extraembryonic membranes?

A

chorion
amnion
yolk sac
allantois

64
Q

What are the three rapid transitional changes of morula?

A
  1. increased number and compaction of blastomeres
  2. transformation and rearrangement of blastomeres (which later give rise to 4 extraembryonic membranes)
  3. Rearrangement of blastomeres results in the formation of blastocyst and the embryo enters the blastula stage of cleavage.
65
Q

It is the surface cell of the blastocyst.

A

trophoblast

66
Q

Surface cells of blastocyst are designated as trophoblast, while the fluid-filled cavity is called?

A

blastocoele

67
Q

This indicates the location of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the zygote during meroblastic or discoid cleavage.

A

embryonic disc or blastodisk

68
Q

What is a very young avian embryo (a multinucleated cell)?

A

syncytium

69
Q

a portion of the ovum cytoplasm that bulges out as a result of contact of the sperm with the vitelline membrane

A

fertilization cone

70
Q

Sperm penetrates the corona radiata and zona pellucida of the ovum to reach the?

A

perivitelline space

71
Q

It is the partial disintegration of the acrosomal membrane to release lytic enzymes which denature zona pellucida proteins which facilitate penetration by the reactive sperm.

A

acrosomal reaction

b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology (15 decks)

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