LN 05 (Inflammation and Repair)

Question 1

leucocytes that appear in marginal plasma

Answer 1

margination

Question 2

leucocytes adhering to walls after margination

Answer 2

adherence

Question 3

more leucocytes
adhere to the walls until the luminal
surface of the wall become covered
with a layer of leucocytes

Answer 3

pavementing

Question 4

migration in tissues is accomplished by

Answer 4

pseudopodia

Question 5

What attract the leucocytes to migrate to the injured site are
chemical mediators of inflammation in a process called

Answer 5

chemotaxis

Question 6

can move through fibrin and past tissue cells to their destination

Answer 6

polymorphs or granulocytes/ neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 7

chemical messengers that act on vascular endothelia and leucocytes to
contribute to an inflammatory reaction

Answer 7

autacoids

Question 8

may be performed and stored as
granules in cells (e.g., histamine and cationic proteins) or newly synthesized by cells

Answer 8

cell or tissue derived

Question 9

three major mediator producing system in plasma

Answer 9

1. coagulation-fibrinolytic
2. kinin system
3. complement system

Question 10

generated by consequent or multiple enzymic
steps involving sequential activation of molecules by limited proteolysis

Answer 10

peptide mediators

Question 11

eicosanoids

Answer 11

lipid mediators

Question 12

derived
from the action of phospholipase to membrane phospholipids through
the arachidonic acid pathways

Answer 12

lipid mediators

Question 13

2 arachidonic acid pathways

Answer 13

lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase
pathways

Question 14

enzymes which activates leukotriene B4

Answer 14

hydrolase

Question 15

activate leukotriene A4 to B4

Answer 15

glutathione transferase

Question 16

leukotrine C4 to D4

Answer 16

glutamyl transpeptidase

Question 17

leukotrine D4 to E4

Answer 17

cysteinyl glycinase

Question 18

Bradykinin,Prostaglandin E1 and E2, Leukotriene B4, C3 and C5 fragments of
complement, and Thromboxane

Answer 18

vasodilators

Question 19

Histamine, Serotonin, Bradykinin, Kallikrein, Platelet
Activating Factor, Lymphokines, Anaphylatoxin (C3 and C5 fragment of
Complement), Leukotriene B4, C4 and D4, 5-HPTES

Answer 19

vasopermeability

Question 20

neutrophils mediators

Answer 20

C5a fragment of Complement, Leukotriene
B4, Bacterial toxins, and Platelet Aggregating Factor

Question 21

monocyte and macrophages chemotactic agents

Answer 21

e C5a fragment of Complement,
Leukotriene B4, Bacterial toxins, Cationic protein fractions of neutrophils,
Lymphokines, and Fibrin degradation product

Question 22

attracts eosinophils

Answer 22

chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) derived from mast cells, and prostaglandin D2

Question 23

primarily a clear fluid that is low in protein that
exudes from serosal or mucosal surfaces following mild irritation

Answer 23

serous exudates

Question 24

initial exudates seen in many
inflammatory reactions, and should neutrophils be present, it imparts a whitish tinge to the exudates.

Answer 24

serous exudates

Question 25

severe vascular injuries where a fluid rich in fibrinogen is produced

Answer 25

fibrinous exudates

Question 26

commonly seen in mucosal and serosal surfaces, most notably in the intestines, pleura, peritoneum, and synovial membranes

Answer 26

fibrinous exudates

Question 27

When the body and organ surfaces have fibrinous exudates, the fibrous organization of the exudates forms

Answer 27

adhesion

Question 28

severe mucosal damage where the epithelia are lost, the fibrin that accumulates may become tightly adherent to the underlying tissue forming what is known as

Answer 28

diphtheritic membrane or pseudomembrane

Question 29

applies to fibrinous organization of any necrotic exudates on a mucosal surface

Answer 29

diphtheric

Question 30

solid clumps of long delicate eosinophilic strands

Answer 30

fibrin

Question 31

when sanguineous exudates coupled with a thin fluid where it imparts a red tinge color

Answer 31

serosanguineous exudates

Question 32

characterized by the production of pus (suppuration) which is a thick creamy fluid composed of a large number of viable and dead polymorphs

Answer 32

Purulent or Suppurative exudates

Question 33

purulent exudates are semi-solid compared to the fluid nature of the exudates seen in mammals

Answer 33

avian species

Question 34

exudates are admixed with mucus

Answer 34

mucopurulent

Question 35

exudates admixed with fibrin

Answer 35

fibrinopurulent

Question 36

viable collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis of the skin

Answer 36

pustule

Question 37

localized collection of pus, usually confined with a diphtheritic membrane or pyogenic membrane

Answer 37

abscess

Question 38

abscess rupture at a surface through a tract called

Answer 38

sinus or fistulous tract

Question 39

abscess may spread along fascial planes and subcutaneous tissues and is called

Answer 39

cellulitis or phlegmonous inflammation

Question 40

Pus contained in body cavities

Answer 40

empyema

Question 41

occur on mucus membranes and mucosal surfaces of the alimentary tract, respiratory, and reproductive tract

Answer 41

catarrhal exudates

Question 42

principal element of catarrhal exudates

Answer 42

mucin

Question 43

life span of neutrophils

Answer 43

24-48 hours

Question 44

lysosomal enzymes of neutrophils

Answer 44

alkaline phosphatase, lysozymes, myeloperoxidase, betaglucoronidase, alpha-mannosidase and proteinase

Question 45

consistently found in some granulomas (e.g., eosinophilic granuloma in cats), in eosinophilic myositis in dogs, and in the meninges of pigs in cases of salt poisoning

Answer 45

eosinophils

Question 46

circulating form of mast cells, their number in circulation is very low

Answer 46

basophils

Question 47

Play an important role in hypersensitivity reactions, where they produce histamine

Answer 47

basophils

Question 48

more commonly seen in chronic inflammation, and more importantly in viral infections

Answer 48

lymphocytes

Question 49

lymphocytes present in small blood vessels form a cuff called

Answer 49

perivascular cuffing

Question 50

Formed from transformed B-lymphocytes, they produce antibodies and their presence in an inflammatory site reflects a subacute or chronic process

Answer 50

plasma cells

Question 51

formation of mature plasma cells from lymphocytes requires about

Answer 51

4-5 days

Question 52

circulating form of macrophages

Answer 52

monocytes

Question 53

more efficient than polymorphs at phagocytizing fibrin and cellular debris from the site of inflammation in preparation for repair

Answer 53

macrophages

Question 54

plump aggregates of macrophages

Answer 54

epithelioid cells

Question 55

multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of macrophages

Answer 55

giant cells

Question 56

a large cell with multiple nuclei arranged centrally

Answer 56

foreign body giant cell

Question 57

oval in shape with nuclei arranged peripherally in a horseshoe arrangement

Answer 57

langhan's type giant cell

Question 58

found during repair phase

Answer 58

fibroblasts

Question 59

sometimes called exudative inflammation because of the numerous tissue and plasma factors that pours into the inflammatory site

Answer 59

acute inflammation

Question 60

acute lesions classic features

Answer 60

hyperemia, fluid and cellular exudations

Question 61

called proliferative inflammation because it is characterized by proliferation of cells than exudation of cells and fluid

Answer 61

chronic inflammation

Question 62

forms of chronic inflammation

Answer 62

1. Chronic ulceration 2. Chronic abscessation 3. chronic granulomatous inflammation

Question 63

small nodular lesions of chronic inflammation that has a caseous center walled off by epithelioid cells, macrophages and fibroblasts

Answer 63

granuloma

Question 64

lesions are usually small and surrounded by normal tissue

Answer 64

focal

Question 65

lesion is well demarcated

Answer 65

discrete

Question 66

lesion blends well with the surrounding normal tissue

Answer 66

diffuse focal

Question 67

lesions represent several scattered foci of inflammation

Answer 67

multifocal

Question 68

lesion involves a considerable area of tissue within an organ

Answer 68

locally extensive

Question 69

inflammatory lesions involve all of the tissue or the whole organ

Answer 69

diffuse

Question 70

example of free radicals

Answer 70

singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals

Question 71

Reactions of body to inflammation

Answer 71

1. Fever 2. Changes in blood cell composition 3. Reactive changes in organs and tissues 4. Changes in circulating enzyme levels

Question 72

rise in body temperature

Answer 72

fever/pyrexia

Question 73

increase of leucocyte count

Answer 73

leukocytosis

Question 74

bone marrow production is depressed

Answer 74

leucopenia

Question 75

Mediators that attract neutrophils in an inflammatory response includes

Answer 75

1. C5a fragment of Complement 2. Leukotriene B4 3. Bacterial toxins 4. Platelet Aggregating Factor

Question 76

chemotactic agents acting on monocytes and macrophages include

Answer 76

1. C5a fragment of Complement 2. Leukotriene B4 3. Bacterial toxins 4. Cationic protein fractions of neutrophils, 5. Lymphokines 6. Fibrin degradation products

Question 77

Lymphocytes are attracted mainly by

Answer 77

lymphokines

Question 78

eosinophils are mainly attracted by?

Answer 78

eosinophil-chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)

Question 79

presence of plasma cells in inflammation reflects?

Answer 79

Subacute or chronic process