LN 05 (Inflammation and Repair) Flashcards
leucocytes that appear in marginal plasma
margination
leucocytes adhering to walls after margination
adherence
more leucocytes
adhere to the walls until the luminal
surface of the wall become covered
with a layer of leucocytes
pavementing
migration in tissues is accomplished by
pseudopodia
What attract the leucocytes to migrate to the injured site are
chemical mediators of inflammation in a process called
chemotaxis
can move through fibrin and past tissue cells to their destination
polymorphs or granulocytes/ neutrophils and eosinophils
chemical messengers that act on vascular endothelia and leucocytes to
contribute to an inflammatory reaction
autacoids
may be performed and stored as
granules in cells (e.g., histamine and cationic proteins) or newly synthesized by cells
cell or tissue derived
three major mediator producing system in plasma
- coagulation-fibrinolytic
- kinin system
- complement system
generated by consequent or multiple enzymic
steps involving sequential activation of molecules by limited proteolysis
peptide mediators
eicosanoids
lipid mediators
derived
from the action of phospholipase to membrane phospholipids through
the arachidonic acid pathways
lipid mediators
2 arachidonic acid pathways
lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase
pathways
enzymes which activates leukotriene B4
hydrolase
activate leukotriene A4 to B4
glutathione transferase
leukotrine C4 to D4
glutamyl transpeptidase
leukotrine D4 to E4
cysteinyl glycinase
Bradykinin,Prostaglandin E1 and E2, Leukotriene B4, C3 and C5 fragments of
complement, and Thromboxane
vasodilators
Histamine, Serotonin, Bradykinin, Kallikrein, Platelet
Activating Factor, Lymphokines, Anaphylatoxin (C3 and C5 fragment of
Complement), Leukotriene B4, C4 and D4, 5-HPTES
vasopermeability
neutrophils mediators
C5a fragment of Complement, Leukotriene
B4, Bacterial toxins, and Platelet Aggregating Factor
monocyte and macrophages chemotactic agents
e C5a fragment of Complement,
Leukotriene B4, Bacterial toxins, Cationic protein fractions of neutrophils,
Lymphokines, and Fibrin degradation product
attracts eosinophils
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) derived from mast cells, and prostaglandin D2
primarily a clear fluid that is low in protein that
exudes from serosal or mucosal surfaces following mild irritation
serous exudates
initial exudates seen in many
inflammatory reactions, and should neutrophils be present, it imparts a whitish tinge to the exudates.
serous exudates
severe vascular injuries where a fluid rich in fibrinogen is produced
fibrinous exudates
commonly seen in mucosal and serosal
surfaces, most notably in the intestines, pleura, peritoneum, and synovial
membranes
fibrinous exudates
When the body and organ surfaces have fibrinous exudates, the fibrous
organization of the exudates forms
adhesion
severe mucosal
damage where the epithelia are lost, the fibrin that accumulates may become
tightly adherent to the underlying tissue forming what is known as
diphtheritic
membrane or pseudomembrane
applies to fibrinous
organization of any necrotic exudates on a mucosal surface
diphtheric
solid clumps of long delicate eosinophilic strands
fibrin
when sanguineous exudates coupled with a thin fluid where it imparts a red tinge color
serosanguineous exudates
characterized by
the production of pus (suppuration) which is a thick creamy fluid composed of a
large number of viable and dead polymorphs
Purulent or Suppurative exudates
purulent exudates are semi-solid compared to the fluid nature of the exudates seen in mammals
avian species
exudates are admixed with mucus
mucopurulent
exudates admixed with fibrin
fibrinopurulent
viable collection of pus within
or beneath the epidermis of the skin
pustule
localized collection of pus, usually confined with a diphtheritic membrane or pyogenic membrane
abscess
abscess rupture at a surface through a tract called
sinus or fistulous tract
abscess may spread along fascial planes and subcutaneous tissues and
is called
cellulitis or phlegmonous inflammation
Pus contained in body cavities
empyema
occur on mucus membranes and mucosal surfaces of
the alimentary tract, respiratory, and reproductive tract
catarrhal exudates
principal element of catarrhal exudates
mucin
life span of neutrophils
24-48 hours
lysosomal enzymes of neutrophils
alkaline phosphatase,
lysozymes, myeloperoxidase,
betaglucoronidase,
alpha-mannosidase and proteinase
consistently found in
some granulomas (e.g., eosinophilic
granuloma in cats), in eosinophilic
myositis in dogs, and in the meninges
of pigs in cases of salt poisoning
eosinophils
circulating form of mast cells, their number in
circulation is very low
basophils
Play an important role in hypersensitivity
reactions, where they produce histamine
basophils
more commonly seen in chronic
inflammation, and more importantly in viral infections
lymphocytes
lymphocytes present in small blood vessels form a cuff called
perivascular cuffing
Formed from transformed
B-lymphocytes, they produce antibodies
and their presence in an inflammatory site
reflects a subacute or chronic process
plasma cells
formation of mature plasma cells from
lymphocytes requires about
4-5 days
circulating form of macrophages
monocytes
more efficient than polymorphs at phagocytizing fibrin and cellular debris from
the site of inflammation in preparation for repair
macrophages
plump aggregates of macrophages
epithelioid cells
multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of macrophages
giant cells
a large cell with multiple nuclei arranged centrally
foreign body giant cell
oval in shape with nuclei arranged peripherally in a horseshoe
arrangement
langhan’s type giant cell
found during repair phase
fibroblasts
sometimes called exudative inflammation because of
the numerous tissue and plasma factors that pours into the inflammatory site
acute inflammation
acute lesions classic features
hyperemia, fluid
and cellular exudations
called proliferative inflammation because it is characterized
by proliferation of cells than exudation of cells and fluid
chronic inflammation
forms of chronic inflammation
- Chronic ulceration
- Chronic abscessation
- chronic granulomatous inflammation
small nodular lesions of chronic
inflammation that has a caseous center walled off by epithelioid cells,
macrophages and fibroblasts
granuloma
lesions are
usually small and surrounded by normal tissue
focal
lesion is well demarcated
discrete
lesion blends well with the surrounding normal tissue
diffuse focal
lesions represent several scattered foci of inflammation
multifocal
lesion involves a considerable area of tissue within an organ
locally extensive
inflammatory lesions involve all of the tissue or the
whole organ
diffuse
example of free radicals
singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen anion,
hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals
Reactions of body to inflammation
- Fever
- Changes in blood cell composition
- Reactive changes in organs and tissues
- Changes in circulating enzyme levels
rise in body temperature
fever/pyrexia
increase of leucocyte count
leukocytosis
bone marrow production is
depressed
leucopenia
Mediators that attract neutrophils in
an inflammatory response includes
- C5a fragment of Complement
- Leukotriene B4
- Bacterial toxins
- Platelet Aggregating Factor
chemotactic agents acting on monocytes and macrophages include
- C5a fragment of Complement
- Leukotriene B4
- Bacterial toxins
- Cationic protein fractions of neutrophils,
- Lymphokines
- Fibrin degradation products
Lymphocytes are attracted mainly by
lymphokines
eosinophils are mainly attracted by?
eosinophil-chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
presence of plasma cells in inflammation reflects?
Subacute or chronic process
