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b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology > Vetan Topic 2 and 4 > Flashcards

Vetan Topic 2 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five processes that take place during early developmental stages?

A
  1. growth
  2. morphogenesis
  3. patterning
  4. cytodifferentiation
  5. tissue interaction
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2
Q

It refers to the increase in the number or size of cells that results in the increase in mass of the organism.

A

growth

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3
Q

Process which refers to the entire group of processes that mold the external & internal
configuration of the embryo. This involves a change in the shape or location or even
death of a cell or tissue.

A

morphogenesis

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4
Q

elongation of epithelial cells. Ex. elongation of epiblasts during gastrulation.

A

epithelial expansion

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5
Q

programmed degeneration & eventual death of
cells in areas called necrotic zones

A

normal cell death or apoptosis

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6
Q

outward folding or outpocketing of the epithelium. Ex. development of optic vesicle from neural tube

A

evagination

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7
Q

downward migration of epithelium with secondary, tertiary branches given off from the main branch. Ex. development of lung and duct system
of major salivary glands.

A

budding and branching

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8
Q

separation of an invaginated epithelium from the original epithelium; the second stage in more complex morphogenetic reorganization. Ex.
formation of neural tube

A

vesicle formation

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9
Q

infolding or depression of epithelium to form a pit or groove; often the first stage in more complex morphogenetic reorganization. Ex. formation of neural tube

A

invagination

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10
Q

focal thickening of surface ectoderm, often in response to an underlying mesenchymal aggregation

A

placode formation

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11
Q

grouping of mesenchymal cells to form a densely
packed subpopulation within a mesenchymal tissue. Ex. formation of enamel organ
and vertebra.

A

mesenchymal aggregation

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12
Q

migration of epithelial cells to the underlying area to form mesenchymal cells. Ex. formation of mesoderm

A

delamination

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13
Q

is the establishment of invisible blueprint of cell
subpopulations that serves as a guide in the formation of a particular tissue or organ

A

patterning

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14
Q

complex tortuous process by which each cell or cell line attains and expresses a stable phenotype or a process by which a cell becomes specialized
and the final product is a differentiated cell

A

cytodifferentiation

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15
Q

is a process in which the presence of one tissue
or structure induces or causes the development of another tissue or structure

A

tissue interaction or tissue induction

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16
Q

period or the time during which each organ system in the body is being formed and obligatory inductive tissue interactions and morphogenesis are occurring

A

critical period

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17
Q

genes that cause congenital defects

A

deleterious genes

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18
Q

Causes of congenital malformation or defect?

A
  1. Hereditary or genetic factors
  2. Environmental factors
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19
Q

What are the teratogens transmitted directly to the embryo through the maternal-placental fetal interaction? (4)

A
  1. radiation
  2. viruses
  3. steroid hormones
  4. low molecular weight compounds
20
Q

induces birth defects during closure of neural tube resulting in eye, brain and heart defects

A

hypervitaminosis A

21
Q

occurs in the epiblast of the embryonic disk, a
relatively small area of the blastocyst when compared to the extraembryonic trophoblast

A

formation of the primitive streak

22
Q

defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo and indicates the start of germ layer formation.

A

primitive streak

23
Q

The primitive streak presents at its
cranial end the primitive (Hensen’s) node that presents a central deep hole called

A

primitive pit

24
Q

What is the process of epiblast migration to form endoderm and mesoderm is called?

A

involution

25
Q

closely adjacent to the overlying ectoderm of the
embryonic disk and the trophoblast

A

somatic mesoderm

26
Q

closely related to the underlying
embryonic endoderm and hypoblast

A

splanchnic visceral mesoderm

27
Q

somatic mesoderm and the embryonic ectoderm and trophoblast eventually combine to
form the?

A

somatopleure

28
Q

It is the central pale oval area of blastoderm

A

area pellucida

29
Q

the dark area peripheral to the area pellucida

A

area opaca

30
Q

What is the rod-shaped aggregate of epiblast cells located cranial to the primitive streak?

A

notochord

31
Q

What is the ultimate fate of the notochord?

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

32
Q

In birds, when the primitive streak has completely regressed, the epiblast cells on the surface of the embryonic disk constitute what germ layer?

A

ectoderm

33
Q

Five characteristics of neurulation.

A

i. Formation of the central nervous system
ii. Formation of the head process
iii. The initial development of the gut
iv. Formation of somite
v. Initial development of the heart

34
Q

it is the result of the thickening of the surface ectodermal cells along the dorsal midline of the embryonic disk overlying the notochord

A

neural plate

35
Q

neural plate becomes depressed
to form _______ and the edges of the neural plate becomes raised or elevated to form
NEURAL FOLDS

A

neural groove

36
Q

first part of the gut tube that is formed is the
foregut, whose most rostral tip eventually becomes the?

A

pharynx

37
Q

What is the future of the foregut?

A

pharynx

38
Q

These are blocks of mesoderm derived from paraxial mesoderm located just lateral to the notochord

A

somites

39
Q

less-developed somites

A

somitomeres

40
Q

somites which forms skeletal musculature.

A

myotome

41
Q

somites which forms most of the axial skeleton: vertebrae, ribs and bone of the skull

A

sclerotome

42
Q

somites that migrates to form the skin dermis

A

dermatome

43
Q

cardiogenic mesoderm on either side forms endocardial tube and the two endocardial tubes fuse to form a single?

A

cardiac tube

44
Q

The fused endocardial tubes and cardiogenic plates become the ______ which is composed of epimyocardium

A

cardiac tube

45
Q

it holds the cardiac tube in place

A

dorsal mesocardium

46
Q

The fused ventral parts of splanchnic mesoderm
become the _______ ________, which degenerates almost as soon as it is formed, giving
way for the R and L pericardial coeloms to fuse and communicate.

A

ventral mesocardium

47
Q

subcephalic pocket created during the formation of the head process forms bilateral margins designated as the?

A

lateral body folds

b.PATHOLOGY FINALS / Embryology (15 decks)

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