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Neuro > Vestibular system and ears > Flashcards

Vestibular system and ears Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the three bones in the ear canal?

A

malleus, incus and stapes

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2
Q

What are the names of the two otolith organs?

A

Utricle and saccule

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3
Q

What are the two main structural components of the peripheral vestibular system?

A

Semicircular canals and the vestibulum

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4
Q

How many semicircular canals are present?

A

3

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5
Q

What type of stimuli do semicircular canals detect?

A

Angular acceleration

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6
Q

What type of stimuli do the otolith organs detect?

A

Linear acceleration

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7
Q

What is the name for the special sensory epithelium of the vestibular organs?

A

Macula

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8
Q

What is the name of the cells lining the semicircular canals and the vestibilum?

A

Hair cells

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9
Q

What special sensory organs are located in the vestibulum?

A

Otolith organs

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10
Q

What is the name for the special area within the semicircular canals that dilates slightly, where you can find the crista ampullaris?

A

Ampulla

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11
Q

What part of the inner ear does the vestibulum describe, the bony or membranous labyrinth?

A

Bony

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12
Q

What fluid is contained in the body labyrinth?

A

Perilymh

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13
Q

What fluid is contained in the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

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14
Q

What part of the inner ear does the semicircular canal describe, the bony or membranous labyrinth?

A

Bony

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15
Q

What part of the inner ear does the Semicircular ducts describe, the bony or membranous labyrinth?

A

membrane

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16
Q

What special sensory organs are found in the semicircular canals?

A

Crista amullaris

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17
Q

What is the name for the gelatinous covering of the crista amullaris?

A

Capula

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18
Q

What substances can be found in the gelatinous covering of the otolith organs?

A

Calcium carbonate

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19
Q

When the head moves, and the gelatinous covering of the vestibular organs moves, what structures does this also move, which then stimulate action potentials?

A

Steriocilia

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20
Q

Where in the utricle are har cells found?

A

floor

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21
Q

Where in the sacule are har cells found?

A

Lateral wall

22
Q

In addition to linear acceleration forwards and backwards, what other stimuli can utricles respond to?

A

Head tilting

23
Q

With regards to the direction of motion, which way do the steriocilia bend in the vestibular organs?

A

Opposite to direction of motion

24
Q

What is the tallest steriocilia called?

A

Kinocillium

25
Q

What is the property that resists endolymph movement in the semicircular canals that is important to allow movement of steriocilia?

A

Inertia

26
Q

In what direction would the steriocilia have to bend in order to increase the rate of action potentials?

A

towards the steriocilia

27
Q

How does the bending of steriocilia elicit a nerve impulse in the vestibular nerve?

A

Bending towards the steriocilia will open K+ and Ca2+ channels causing the cell to depolarise and ions to diffuse into the cell and ultimately result in vesicles of neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane and be released, stimulating an action potential in the neurone.

28
Q

What organ responds to static information?

A

otolith

29
Q

Which organ responds to dynamic information?

A

crista ammularis/semicircular canal

30
Q

Which tract is is involved in the contraction of postural muscles in response to changes in head position and where does it cross?

A

Vestibulospinal and it doesn’t cross

31
Q

Other than sending fibres down the spinal cord, where else does the vestibular nucleus project to?

A
  • fastigal nucleus in the flocullonodular lobe of the cerebellum
  • contralateral abducens nucleus
  • ipselateral oculomotor nucleus
  • trochlear nucleus
32
Q

Where abouts in the brain is the vestibular nucleus lie?

A

Pons and medulla

33
Q

Where abouts in the spinal cord does the vestibulospinal tract run?

A

ventral funiculus

34
Q

Via which peduncle does the vestibulospinal tract reach the cerebellum?

A

Caudal

35
Q

What clinical signs might you see in a central vestibular disorder that you wouldn’t see in a peripheral? (4)

A
  • Altered mental state
  • cerebellar deficits
  • postural rection deficits
  • vertical nystagmus
36
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Any loss of control of voluntary muscles

37
Q

Within which bone is the middle ear found?

A

tympanic part of the temporal

38
Q

What membrane separates the external ear from middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane

39
Q

In non-mammals how many bones are contained in the middle ear and what are their names?

A

Just the stapes

40
Q

What are the functions of the muscles in the middle ear?

A

To reduce the noise that is heard if for example you are in a loud environment

41
Q

Which nerves cross the middle ear? (3)

A
  • Facial
  • tympanic
  • post-ganglionic fibres from sympathetic fibres
42
Q

What structure connects the middle ear and nasopharnnx?

A

auditory tube

43
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

A

pressure equalisation, it closes when swallowing

44
Q

What are the three layers of the tympanic membrane?

A
  • external epithelial lining
  • connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibres
  • inner mucous membrane
45
Q

What is another name for the auditory tube?

A

Estuchian tube

46
Q

Between which structures does the guttural pouch lie?

A

The estuchian tube and the pharynx

47
Q

Within which bone is the inner ear found?

A

Petrosal bone in the temporal bone

48
Q

What is the name of the cavity contained within the cochlea within the membranous labrynth? and what fluid runs through it?

A

Scala media, endolymph

49
Q

Where does the perilymph Flow in the cochlea? (4)

A

from the oval window, through the Scala vestibule, into the Scala tympani, to the round window

50
Q

Which species contain a round cochlea and why is this important?

A

mammals, It increases sensitivity as sound can’t reverberate as much

Neuro (15 decks)

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