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ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters of the SNS?

A

Adrenaline

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2
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters of the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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3
Q

What are the main receptors of the SNS?

A

Alpha a beta adrenoreceptors

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4
Q

What are the main receptors of the PNS?

A

Muscarine and nicotinic

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5
Q

Is the vagus nerve mainly sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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6
Q

Describe the general route of the vagus (10)

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • jugular foramen
  • tympano-occipital fissure
  • branches
  • sympathetic trunk
  • Carotid sheath
  • thoracic inlet
  • seperates at the middle cervical ganglion
  • branches
  • oesophageal hiatus
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7
Q

What types of fibres does the vagus nerve contain (5)

A 
GVE
GVA
SVA
SVE
GSA
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8
Q

What are the main branches of the vagus nerve? (4)

A

auricular, pharyngeal, cranial laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal

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9
Q

What is different about the vagal supply to the ruminant stomach?

A

It receives both a dorsal and ventral supply

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10
Q

What could be the result of a damage to the vagus nerve in the neck, with regards to neck structures?

A

Laryngeal paralysis

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11
Q

What is the difference between vomiting and regurgitation?

A

Vomiting comes from the stomach. Regurgitation comes out of the oesophagus.

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12
Q

How can you tell between vomit and regurgitation?

A

Vomit usually contains bile, yellow/orange digestive fluid. regurgitant is usually tube shaped and with no bile but possibly mucus

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13
Q

State some clinical signs of feline dysautonomia (4)

A
  • Anorexia
  • diarrhoea/constipation
  • vomiting/regurgitant
  • dyspnea
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14
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of dehydration in cats? (4)

A
  • sunken eyes
  • legarthy
  • depression
  • dry mouth
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15
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

A series of local reflexes causing contraction of intestinal muscle above the intramural stimulus and relaxation of the muscle below or adjacent to it

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16
Q

Are preganglionic sympathetic nerves short or long and what neurotransmitter do they release?

A

Short, ACh

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17
Q

Are postganglionic sympathetic nerves short or long and what neurotransmitter do they release?

A

Long, adrenaline

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18
Q

Are preganglionic parasympathetic nerves short or long and what neurotransmitter do they release?

A

Long, ACh

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19
Q

Are postganglionic parasympathetic nerves short or long and what neurotransmitter do they release?

A

Short, Ach

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20
Q

What level of the spinal cord can you find sympathetic fibres?

A

T1-L2/L3

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21
Q

Where can you find sympathetic nerve cell bodies?

A

Lateral horn of spinal cord

22
Q

Where abouts do the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

ventral root

23
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic nerves synapse with the postganglionic nerves?

A

sympathetic ganglion chain or close to it

24
Q

Why are the sympathetic nerves supplying the adrenal medulla different to others in the body?

A

Preganglionic neurones are long and postgangliuonic neurones are short

25
Which areas can you find parasympathetic nerves?
In the brainstem, cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 And the sacral region S1-S2/3
26
Where can parasympathetic ganglia be found?
Close to or in target organs
27
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglinic parasympathetic neurones?
Lateral horn of spinal cord
28
Where are the sympathetic ganglia found?
either side of the spinal cord
29
Name some of the important ANS plexuses (4)
- cardiac plexus - pulmonary plexus - abdominal plexus - renal plexus
30
Which system is faster the SNS or PNS?
SNS
31
Which artery does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook around?
Right subclavian artery
32
Which artery does the left laryngeal nerve hook around?
aortic arch
33
What species does vagal indigestion mainly occur in?
Ruminants
34
How is pain transmitted through the ANS from organs in contact with the peritoneum? (6)
- Signals travel from nerves to the sympathetic ganglia - through white rams communicans - through ventral ramus with spinal nerve - through dorsal route ganglion - synapse in grey matter - ascend to brain
35
How is pain transmitted through the ANS from organs not in contact with the peritoneum?
Through the PSNS
36
How is the ANS involved in mechanoception and chemoception? (2)
- Nerves follow the vagus path from the respiratory tract, GI tract, and cardiovascular system. - Or follow the sacral PSNS for organs not in contact with the peritoneum
37
What is the carotid sinus?
A swelling in the root of the internal carotid artery
38
What nerve innervates the carotid sinus?
Glossopharyngeal
39
What nerve innervates the aortic arch?
Vagus
40
Which system PNS/SNS follows the general route of arteries and capillaries?
SNS
41
Once a sympathetic nerve leaves the ventral root, goes through the white rami communications and enters the sympathetic trunk, what are the three routes it could routes it can take?
- Synapses, grey rami communications, spinal nerve - Runs up or down, then synapses, spinal nerve - leaves sympathetic trunk without synapsing, to prevertebral or collateral ganglia
42
What are paravertebral ganglia?
Autonomic ganglia that lie close to the spinal cord, parallel to the vertebrae, they form the sympathetic trunk
43
State the 4 important paravertebral ganglia
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
44
What are prevertebral ganglia?
Sympathetic ganglia that lie between the paravertebral ganglia and the target organs.
45
State the 3 important paravertebral ganglia
cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric, coeliac
46
What is the stellate ganglion?
A paravertebral ganglia that is formed from the fusion of the last cervical ganglia and the first or first few thoracic
47
What is the autonomic innervation of cranial nerve 3?
Iris and ciliary smooth muscle
48
What is the autonomic innervation of cranial nerve 7?
Salivary glands, lacrimal glands, nasal glands
49
What is the autonomic innervation of cranial nerve 9?
salivary glands
50
What is the autonomic innervation of cranial nerve 10?
Thoracic and abdominal viscera, glands and smooth muscle
51
Name some of the parasympathetic ganglia (4)
- pelvic - mandibular - ciliary - proximal and distal vagal

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