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CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of the mesencephalon? (5)

A
  • Hearing
  • motor control
  • sleep/wake
  • arousal
  • temperature regulation
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2
Q

What is the general role of the pons? (4)

A
  • arousal
  • autonomic function
  • relay sensory info between cerebellum and cerebrum
  • sleep centre
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3
Q

What is the general role of the medulla?

A
  • Autonomic function
  • Relay nerve signals from the brain and spinal cord
  • Coordinate body movement
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4
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are found in the midbrain?

A

3,4,5

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are found in the medulla

A

5,7,9,10,12

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6
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are present in the pons?

A

5,6,7,8,9

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7
Q

Name the subdivisions of the diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
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8
Q

Which part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?

A

epithalamus

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9
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland? (2)

A
  • secrete melatonin

- role in circadian and seasonal rhythm

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10
Q

What is the general function of the thalamus?

A

Relay information to the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

State three important nuclei of the thalamus

A
  • Lateral geniculate
  • Medial geniculate
  • Ventrolateral
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12
Q

Via which thalamic nucleus does the tract from the eye to visual cortex travel through?

A

Lateral geniculate

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13
Q

Via which thalamic nucleus does the tract from the inner ear to auditory cortex travel through?

A

medial geniculate

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14
Q

Via which thalamic nucleus does the tract from the cerebellum to motor cortex travel through?

A

ventrolateral

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15
Q

Where in the brain can the pituitary gland be found?

A

ventral to the hypothalamus

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16
Q

What is the role of the pituitary?

A

secrete hormones into the blood stream, its the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems

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17
Q

Name the most important nuclei of the hypothalamus and their functions (3)

A
  • paraventricular-oxytocin and ADH
  • Lateral - arousal and feeding
  • mammilary - memory
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18
Q

What is proprioception?

A

the systems response for detection changes in the position of the limbs trunk and head. it is the sense of position and movement

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19
Q

What is the difference between conscious and unconscious proprioception?

A

Unconscious involves projections from receptors to the cerebellum via the spinocerebellar tract. conscious involves projections from receptors to the somesthetic cortex via the cuneate/gracile tract.

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20
Q

What is the general function of the dorsal funiculus?

A

fine conscious mechanoception and proprioception

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21
Q

What is the general function of the lateral funiculus?

A

proprioception, course conscious mechanoception, noicioception

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22
Q

What is the general function of the ventral funiculus?

A

sensation

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23
Q

What tracts can be found in the dorsal funiculus?

A

gracile and cuneate

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24
Q

What tracts can be found in the lateral funiculus?

A

spinothalamic, spinocervicothalamic, dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar, spinomedullary

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25
Q

What tracts can be found in the ventral funiculus?

A

spinoreticular, spinovestibular, spinomesencephalic,spinoolivary,trigeminothalamic

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26
Q

Which tract is found most medial the gracile or cuneate?

A

Gracile

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27
Q

Which tract transmits pain and touch from the hindimbs and which from the forelimbs?

A

Forelimbs cuneate, hindlimb gracile

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28
Q

Describe the route of the gracile/Cuneate tract (3)

A
  • First neurone ascends in Dorsal funiculus to the medulla
  • Second neurone decussates in the medial lemiscus to thalamus
  • third neurone travels from thalamus to general sensory cortex
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29
Q

Where in the body would a lesion to the right gracile tract in C1 effect?

A

right hindlimb

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30
Q

What is the role of spinothalamic tract?

A

nocioception, touch and temperature

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31
Q

Describe the general route of the spinothalamic tract (3)

A
  • first neurone from receptors to dorsal column grey M
  • Second neurone decussates from DCGM to tract in lateral funiculus where it ascends to the thalamus
  • third neurone from thalamus to general sensory cortex
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32
Q

What is the role of the spinocervicothalamic tract?

A

nocioception

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33
Q

Where in the body would a lesion to the right spinothalamic tract in the medulla affect?

A

Left side of the body

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34
Q

Describe the general route of the spinocervicothalamic tract (4)

A
  • First neurone from receptors to dorsal route G to DCGM
  • second neurone from DCGM to dorsolateral funiculus and ascends to lateral cervical nucleus C1/3
  • The third neurone decussates and heads to the thalamus
  • The fourth neurone goes from the thalamus to the general sensory cortex
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35
Q

What is the role of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

A

unconscious proprioception

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36
Q

Describe the route the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (2)

A
  • first neurone from receptors, through spinal nerves caudal to thoracic limb
  • Second neurone from DCGM to lateral funiculus in tract and then ascends and travel through the caudal peduncle to the cerebellum
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37
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A

a collection of tracts that originate from the cortex and pass and cross through the pyramids of the medulla

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38
Q

What are the two tracts that make up the pyramidal system?

A
  • corticospinal

- corticobubar

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39
Q

What is the corticospinal tracts main function?

A

voluntary body movement

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40
Q

There are two corticospinal tracts, where do they cross?

A

The one that innervates the trunk crosses in the medulla pyramids, the one that innervates the limbs crosses in the spinal cord

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41
Q

What is the corticobulbar spinal tract responsible for and where does it cross?

A

Head movement and eye movement and crosses in the medulla.

42
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A

A collection of tracts that originate from the reticular formation of the pons and medulla and don’t cross through the pyramids

43
Q

Name the four extrapyramidal tracts

A
  • tectospinal
  • rubospinal
  • reticulospinal
  • vestibulospinal
44
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for?

A

Involuntary movements

45
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract cross?

A

It doesn’t

46
Q

What ligament holds the vertebrae together?

A

the ligaments flavum

47
Q

What is the intervertebral sagittal ratio?

A

The minimum sagittal diameter of the vertebral foramen divided by the maximum sagittal diameter of the vertebral body

48
Q

What would a low intervertebral sagittal ratio indicate?

A

Foramen narrowing so high chance of wobblers syndrome if horses

49
Q

What is the medical term for wobblers syndrome?

A

cervical stenotic myelopathy

50
Q

What are some treatments for wobblers syndrome? (4)

A
  • disc prosthesis
  • hydrotherapy
  • anti-inflammatory
  • exercise modification
51
Q

What are the two main divisions of the forebrain?

A
  • telencephalon - most cranial

- Diencephalon

52
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

53
Q

What are the two main divisions of the hindbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

Myelencephalon

54
Q

What two important regions are found in the mesencephalon?

A

tectum and tegmentum

55
Q

what two important structures are found in the mesencephalon?

A

Cerebellum and pons

56
Q

what is another name for the myencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata

57
Q

Where in the brain can the limbic system be found?

A

telencephalon

58
Q

Where in the brain can the basal ganglia be found?

A

Telencephalon

59
Q

What part of the brain contains the hippocampus?

A

Limbic system

60
Q

What 6 layers can be found in a histological slide of the cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular, external granular, pyramidal, inner granular, ganglionic, multiform

61
Q

What are the 8 causes of seizures?

A
  • Vascular
  • Inflammation
  • Toxic/trauma
  • Anomalous
  • Metabolic
  • Infection
  • Neoplastic
  • Degenerative
62
Q

What other conditions could be confused for a seizure? (3)

A
  • Convulsions
  • muscle spasms
  • sleeping/dreaming
63
Q

What is a seizure?

A

any abnormal electrical activity in the body

64
Q

What mechanisms cause a seizure? (5)

A
  • influx of extracellular calcium which opens sodium channels
  • sustained neuronal depolarisation
  • burst of action potentials
  • rapid depolarisation and hyperpolarisation
  • Too much excitement with little inhibition
65
Q

What is the term used to describe the burst of action potentials with rapid depolarisation and hyper polarisation in seizures?

A

Paroxysmal depolarising shift

66
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

A group of neurological disorders characterised by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal depolarising shifts, which causes a predisposition to epileptic seizures.

67
Q

Describe the development of the cerebellum

A

upward growth of alar lamina which fuse together

68
Q

What is the the middle section between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum called?

A

The vermis

69
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum called from cranial to caudal

A

rostral, caudal, floculonodular

70
Q

What are the histological layers of the cerebellum called from outside to inside? (3)

A

molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granular layer

71
Q

What afferent tracts run through the rostral peduncle of the cerebellum?

A

ventral Spinocerebellar, tectocerebellar

72
Q

What afferent tracts run through the middle peduncle of the cerebellum?

A

corticopontocerebellar

73
Q

What afferent tract runs through the caudal cerebellum?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar

74
Q

What are mossy fibres?

A

afferent fibres from the brainstem and spinal cord involved in proprioception, they excite granule cells and inhibit Purkinje cells

75
Q

What are climbing fibres?

A

Afferent fibres from the olivary nucleus of the medulla, they excite Purkinje fibres

76
Q

What are Purkinje fibres?

A

Efferent inhibitory fibres from the cerebellum to the Cortex

77
Q

Whats the general function of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Balance an equilibrium, contains vestibular system

78
Q

What is the general function of the rostral lobe?

A

truncal and limb coordinated movements

79
Q

What is the general function of the caudal lobe?

A

Skilled movements

80
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Disturbance that alters the direction and extent of voluntary movements

81
Q

What is abiotrophy?

A

A postnatal loss of Purkinje cells

82
Q

What are some general features of cerebellar defects? (3)

A
  • vestibular signs
  • uncoordinated movements
  • exaggerated reflexes
83
Q

What efferent projections run through the rostral peduncle?

A

projections through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

84
Q

What efferent tracts run through the middle peduncle?

A

none

85
Q

What efferent tracts run through the Caudal peduncle?

A

cerebellovestibular, cerebelloreticular

86
Q

What is the ARAS?

A

The ascending reticular activating system is a collection of interconnected nuclei in the brain responsible for sleep-wake transition, relaying information to higher centres for approval

87
Q

What tract passes through the ARAS that is not responsible for sleep? And what is its function?

A

Spinoreticular - pain

88
Q

What can a destruction of the ARAS cause?

A

Coma

89
Q

Where in the brain is the sleep centre said to be?

A

In the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus

90
Q

If the VLPOA of the hypothalamus is inhibited are you awake or asleep?

A

Awake

91
Q

When the ARAS is inhibited are you awake or asleep?

A

Asleep

92
Q

How is orexin involved in sleep?

A

Orexin maintains wakefulness by stimulating the ARAS

93
Q

How is the Suprachiasmic nucleus involved in sleep?

A

When it is light signals are sent which cause inhibition of vlPOA and stimulation of orexinergic neurones, maintaining wakefulness

94
Q

Why do you fall asleep if you have been awake too long?

A

Adenosine accumulates slowly and stimulates the vlPOA to make you sleep

95
Q

How can the amygdala be involved in sleep?

A

The amygdala has connections to the thalamus in the area where REM sleep in controlled. during REM sleep

96
Q

What separates the Dura matter from the periosteum?

A

Epidural space

97
Q

What is the Pia matter?

A

A thin layer of connective tissue that is adherent to the underlying brain or spinal cord and blends fibres with the arachnoid matter

98
Q

What is the arachnoid matter?

A

A fine layer between the Pia and dura matter

99
Q

What spaces are found between the meninges?

A

Epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space

100
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A
  • protection
  • containment of CSF
  • Support
  • maintanance of BBB
101
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

The infundibulum, a stalk which is part of the posterior lobe

102
Q

What structures run through the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Neuronres and a portal system of vessels

Neuro (15 decks)

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