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Neuro > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

How do barbiturates work as an antiepiletic?

A

They bind to GABA receptor chloride channels causing them to stay open longer to increase chloride influx and so hyperpolarisation causing inhibition of the impulses.

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2
Q

How does bromide work as an antiepiletic?

A

It can act as chloride at the GABA receptor chloride channel causing an increase in GABAergic transmission increasing hyperpolarization

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3
Q

What are the three ways by which anticonvulsants can work?

A
  • Altering membrane properties, primarily sodum channels
  • Decreasing excitement, primarily the glutamate system
  • Increasing inhibitory action, primarily GABA
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4
Q

State the main types of anticonvulsants (4)

A
  • Barbituates
  • benzodiazepines
  • Bromide
  • imepiton
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5
Q

Give an example of a BDZ and a barbiturate

A
  • diazepam

- phenobarbital

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6
Q

How does imepitoin work as an anticonvulsant?

A

It is a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptors, they increase inhibitory GABAergic transmission as BDZ

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7
Q

How does BDZ work as an anticonvulsant? (3)

A
  • It binds to GABA receptor chloride channels increasing the affinity of GABA for the receptor
  • Overall increases the frequency of channel opening
  • increase chloride influx and so hyperpolarisation causing inhibition of the impulses
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8
Q

What is the one difference by which barbiturates and BDZs work?

A

Barbiturates increases the duration of channel opening whereas BDZs increase frequency of channel opening.

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9
Q

What is an anxiolytic drug?

A

A drug used to treat anxiety

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10
Q

State 5 classes of anxiolytic drug

A
  • BDZs
  • Trycyclic antidepressents
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • azapirones
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11
Q

What class of drugs can be used to treat cognitive dysfunction and which one is licensed?

A

Monamine oxidase inhibitors, selegine

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12
Q

How do MAO inhibitors work?

A
  • inhibit monamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
  • So they stay in the synaptic cleft for longer and continue to stimulate nerve impulses.
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13
Q

What is the overall beneficial effect of MAOIs for cognitive function?

A

Increases the amount of dopamine in the brain.

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14
Q

How do TSAs work?

A

Blocks the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin and so enhances their effects

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15
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

Block the reuptake of serotonin leading to adaptive change in pre/post synaptic receptors

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16
Q

What are the adverse effects of BDZs? (4)

A
  • memory impairment
  • sedation
  • ataxia
  • increased appetite
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17
Q

What are the adverse effects of TSA? (4)

A
  • sedation
  • vomiting
  • mydriasis
  • urinary retention
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18
Q

What are the adverse effects of SSRI? (4)

A
  • nausea
  • diarrhoea
  • anorexia
  • appetite suppression
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19
Q

What are the adverse effects of MAOIs? (2)

A
  • raises blood pressure when taken with antidepressants

- depression

20
Q

What is the ARAS? (3)

A
  • The ascending reticular activating system is a series of connected nuclei in the brain
  • regulates sleep-wake transitions and wakefulness
  • And relays impulses to higher centres
21
Q

Name three drugs that inhibit cholinergic transmission

A
  • Vesamicol
  • Hemicolinium
  • Clostridium botulinum
22
Q

How does vemasicol inhibit cholinergic transmission?

A

inhibits ACh uptake into vesicles

23
Q

How does hemicholinium inhibit cholinergic transmission?

A

Inhibits uptake of chlorine uptake through transporters so ACh cannot be synsthesised

24
Q

How does clostridium botulinum work?

A

Stops vesicles fusing with the presynaptic membrane

25
Q

What type of drug is a beta-blocker?

A

An antagonist for beta-adrenoreceptors

26
Q

Name two adrenoreceptor agonists

A

Adrenaline and salbutamol

27
Q

Name a drug that increases sympathetic transmission by acting on post synaptic receptors?

A

pilocarpine

28
Q

Name two drugs that decrease sympathetic transmission by acting on post synaptic receptors?

A

Atropine and scopolamine

29
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

How the body interacts with the drug

30
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

How the drug interacts with the body

31
Q

Give an example of a drug that affects ACh release

A

Clostridium botulinum

32
Q

Give an example of a muscarine agonist

A

Pilocarpine

33
Q

Give an example of a muscarine antagonist

A

Antropine

34
Q

Give an example of a nicotinic agonist

A

suxamethonium

35
Q

Give an example of a nicotinic antagonist

A

tubocurarine

36
Q

Give an example of an adrenaline inhibitor

A

MAOIs

37
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A protein on a membrane that responds to chemical signals

38
Q

What are the 4 types of pharmacological receptor?

A
  • Enzyme-linked
  • G-protein linked
  • Channel-linked
  • Nuclear hormone
39
Q

What type of receptor is a nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

Channel-linked

40
Q

What type of receptor is a muscarine receptor?

A

G-protein linked

41
Q

Give an example of a G-protein linked receptor other than a muscarine receptor

A

B-adrenoreceptor

42
Q

Give an example of an enzyme-linked receptor

A

insulin receptors

43
Q

Give an example of a nuclear hormone linked receptor

A

Thyroid hormone receptor

44
Q

Define pharmacokinetic antagonism

A

a drug that accelerates the metabolism of another

45
Q

Define physiological antagonism

A

A drug that activates two biological compensatory mechanisms that antagonise eachother

46
Q

What is a chemical antagonist

A

A drug that reduces the concentration of an agonist by forming a chemical complex with it

Neuro (15 decks)

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