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BRS Year 2 > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main inputs of the vestibular system?

A

Visual
Proprioceptive
Vestibular info

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2
Q

What are the main outputs of the vestibular system?

A

Reflexes that allow you to be maintain stable posture, gaze and stop you from falling over:
Ocular reflex
Postural control

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3
Q

Where is the vestibular organ found?

A

Posterior area of inner ear

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4
Q

What does the vestibular organ do?

A

Senses rotation and movement of the head

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5
Q

How many semicircular canals are there and describe them

A

There are 3: anterior, posterior and lateral
They have an ampulla on one side and are connected to the utricle
They do not have otoliths

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6
Q

What is the biggest cilium on vestibular hair cells called?

A

Kinocilium

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7
Q

Where are hair cells in the vestibular cells found?

A

On all 5 organs:
utricle
saccule
lateral, posterior and anterior semicircular canals

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8
Q

How do the cilia on hair cells allow depolarisation?

A

They are moved by endolymph when the head moves

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9
Q

What are the otolith organs? Where are their cells located?

A

Utricle and saccule

Their cells are located on the maculae

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10
Q

What are otolith?

A

Carbonate crystals on top of the hair cells that helps their deflection

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11
Q

How are cells placed in the utricle?

A

Horizontally

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12
Q

How are cells placed in the saccule?

A

Vertically

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13
Q

How is the macula structured?

A

Contains hair cells, a gelatinous matrix and the otoliths on top

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14
Q

In the semicircular canals where is the hair located?

A

On the crista in the ampulla

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15
Q

What are the 3 planes in the semicircular canals?

A

Anterior and posterior (that form a 90 degree angle)

Lateral which are horizontal to the others

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16
Q

Where do primary afferents end?

A

Vestibular nuclei (in brainstem) and cerebellum

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17
Q

What do the vestibular nuclei have projections to?

A

Spinal cord
Nuclei of the extraocular muscles (eye movements)
Cerebellum (to get feedback)
Centres for cardiovascular + respiratory control

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18
Q

What is the role of the vestibular cortex? (3)

A

To detect and inform about head movements
To keep images fixed in the retina during head movements
Postural control

19
Q

How many potentials do hair cells have?

A

Resting
Excitation
Inhibition

20
Q

Describe the resting potential of hair cells

A

Has a basal discharge to the nerve

21
Q

What happens to nerve discharge during excitation?

A

Increases

22
Q

When do hairs move towards to kinocilium?

A

During excitation: depolarisation of cell

23
Q

When do hairs move away from the kinocilium

A

During inhibition: hyperpolarization of cell

24
Q

What type of movement do otolith organs detect?

A

Linear acceleration and tilt

25
Q

Out of the utricle and saccule, which is sensitive to horizontal movement and which to vertical movement?

A

Utricle: horizontal movement
Saccule: vertical movement

26
Q

What movement do semicircular canals detect?

A

Angular acceleration

27
Q

How do semicircular canals work?

A

In pairs- anterior from one side will work with posterior from other side
Cupulla moves and displaces hair cells (capulla surrounds hair cells)
Output signal on vestibulocochlear nerve is velocity

28
Q

What does the vestibulo-ocular reflex do?

A

Keeps images fixed in the retina when you move your head
Eyes move in the opposite direction to head movement but at same velocity and amplitude
Connection between vestibular nuclei and ocular nuclei

29
Q

What does the vestibulo spinal reflex do?

A

If moving and about to loose balance it stops you from falling by causing certain muscles to contract

30
Q

Where do motor neurons of the lateral vs medial tract go to in terms of the vestibulospinal reflex?

A 
Lateral= go to limb muscles
Medial= go to neck and back muscles
31
Q

What is assessed in a vestibular system assessment?

A 
Anamnesis (history)
Posture and gait
Cerebellar function
Eye movements
Vestibular tests
32
Q

What is the main symptom of balance disorder?

A

Dizziness or vertigo

Vertigo is spinning but dizziness is a subjective term

33
Q

What do peripheral vestibular disorders affect?

A

Labyrinth or CN VIII

34
Q

What do central vestibular disorders affect?

A

CNS: Brainstem or cerebellum

35
Q

What are the main acute vestibular disorders?

A

Vestibular Neuritis (‘labyrinthitis’), stroke

36
Q

What is the main intermittent vestibular disorder?

A

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

37
Q

What are the main recurrent vestibular disorders?

A

Meniere’s Disease (hearing loss will be in one ear), Migraine

38
Q

What are the main progressive vestibular disorders?

A

Schwannoma vestibular (VIIIth nerve), Degenerative conditions (MS)

39
Q

What else may dizziness indicate other than vestibular disorders?

A 
Heart disorders
Presyncopal episodes
Orthostatic hypotension
Anaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Psychological
Gait disorders
40
Q

How is hearing loss characteristic in Menieres?

A

Only occurs in one ear

41
Q

What is the vestibular cortex?

A

It’s not one specific area since many inputs and integrators are involved- many cortical areas participate

42
Q

Where is the main processing centre of the vestibular cortex?

A

In the parietal lobe in the parieto-insular vestibular cortex

43
Q

What vestibular tests can be carried out?

A

Caloric test
Video head impulse test
Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (measures connections between vestibular system and neck muscles)
Rotation test

44
Q

What imaging techniques can be used to assess the vestibular system?

A

CT, MRI

BRS Year 2 (110 decks)

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