gastrointestinal cancers Flashcards
what is cancer?
a disease caused by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells ina part of the body
what is primary cancer
arising directly from the cells in an organ
what is a secondary cancer?
spread to another organ, directly or by other means
cancer of glandular epithelium
adenocarcinoma - most common
most common cancer of GI tract type? not location
adenocarcinoma
cancer of squamous epithelium?
SCC squamous cell carcinoma
cancer of enteroendocrine cells
neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)
cancer of interstitial cells of Cajal
gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs)
cancer of smooth muscle
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
cancer of adipose tissue
liposarcomas
Features and epidemiology of oesophageal SCC?
upper 2/3 of oesophagus
acetaldehyde pathway (alcohol related)
less developed world
Features epidemiology of oesophageal adenocarcinoma?
arises from metaplastic columnar epithelium
lower 1/3 of oesophagus
related to acid reflux
more developed world
Affects the elderly (highest M reported cases at 70-74, highest F reported cases at 85+)
Affects more males than females (10:1)
how does reflxux cause cancer?
oesophagitis (GORD)
Barretts (metaplasia)
dysplasia (low-high grade)
adenocarcinoma (neoplasia)
what are the surveillance rules for Barretts oesophagus?
no dysplasia - 2/3 years
low grade dysplasia - 6monthly
high grade dysplasia - interventions
how do oesophageal cancers often present?
LATE with dysphagia and weight loss
therefore 65% palliative
poor 5 year survival <20%)
Palliation is difficult
how are survival rates for oesophageal adenocarcinoma?
65% palliative cases
high morbidity, high risk surgeries
less than 20% 5 year survival
what is the diagnosis process for oesophageal cancer?
2wk cancer referral service
endoscopy and biopsy
how is staging for oesophageal cancer determined?
primarily CT scan
possible laparoscopy
rarer - endoscopic ultrasound, PET scans
what is the curative treatment plan for oesophageal cancer?
neo-adjuvant chemotherapy then radical surgery (two stage Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy)
what is a Two stage Ivor lewis oesohagectomy?
the esophageal tumor is removed through an abdominal incision and a right thoracotomy (2 cuts so 2 stage)
Then esophagogastric anastomosis
palliative treatment for oesophageal cancer?
chemo
DXT (radiotherapy)
stents
what are the forms of colorectal cancer
usually all adenocarcinomas. Can be:
sporadic
familial
Hereditary syndrome
what is sporadic colorectal cancer?
absence of FH, older population, isolated lesion
what is familial colorectal cancer?
FH, high risk if index case is under 50 and 1st degree relatives
what is hereditary syndrome colorectal cancer?
FH, younger age of onset, specific gene defects (FAP, HNPCC/Lynch syndrome)
FAP - familial adenomatous polyposis HNPCC - hereditry nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
what is the epidemiology of colorectal cancer?
most common GI cancer western 3rd highest death rates of cancer 1in 10 men 1 in 14 women generally over 50s
what are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
PMH: colorectal cancer, adenoma, UC, radiotherapy
FH: 1st degree relatives, genetic predispositions
Diet/Environment: carcinogenic food, smoking, obesity, socioeconomic status