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BRS Year 2 > Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Covers entire surface of the brain
Together with deep nuclei, contains grey matter
Highly folded with gyri and sulci
Organised into lobes

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2
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?

A 
Molecular layer (I)
External granular layer (II)
External parietal layer (III)
Internal granular layer (IV)
Internal pyramidal layer (V)
Multiform layer (VI)
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3
Q

How is the brain classified?

A

It classified based on cytoarchitecture (cell size, spacing or packing density and layers)

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4
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A 
Regulating and initiating motor function
Language
Cognitive function (executive function [e.g. planning])
Attention
Memory
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5
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation - touch, pain
sensory aspects of language
spatial orientation and self-perception

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6
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

processing visual information

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7
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information
Emotions
Memories

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8
Q

What is in the limbic lobe?

A

Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

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9
Q

What is the role of the limbic lobe?

A

Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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10
Q

Where is the insular cortex found?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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11
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex?

A

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration (related to motion suckness)

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12
Q

What is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells – around 85 billion of each

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13
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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14
Q

What is the role of white matter tracts and what are the 3 different fibres?

A

Connect cortical areas:

Association fibers
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres

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15
Q

What is the role of association fibres?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

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16
Q

What is the role of commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structure in left and right hemispheres

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17
Q

What is the role of projection fibres?

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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18
Q

What are the different types of association fibers?

A

Short fibres

Long fibres

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus connects frontal and occipital lobes

Arcuate Fasciculus - connects frontal and temporal lobes

Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus - connects temporal and occipital lobes

Uncinate Fasciculus - connects anterior frontal and temporal lobes

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19
Q

What are the different types of commissural fibres?

A

Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

20
Q

What are the different types of projection fibres?

A

Afferent- towards cortex
Efferent- away from cortex
Deeper to cortex radiate as corona radiata
Converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

21
Q

What are features of primary corticies?

A 
Function predictable 
Organised topographically  (parts of body controlled by particular parts of brain like homunculus)
Symmetry between left and right
22
Q

What are features of secondary/association cortices?

A

Function less predictable
Not organized topographically
Left-right symmetry weak or absent

23
Q

What is the role of the primary motor area?

A

controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.

Provides descending signals to execute movements.

24
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor area?

A

Involved in planning complex movements (e.g. internally cued)

25
Q

What is the role of the premotor area?

A

involved in planning movements (e.g. externally cued)

26
Q

What is the role of the primary somatosensory area?

A

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature.

27
Q

What is somatosensory association?

A

Interpret significance of sensory information, e.g. recognizing an object placed in the hand.
Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

28
Q

What is the role of the primary visual area?

A

Process visual stimuli

29
Q

What is the role of the visual association?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

30
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory area?

A

Process auditory stimuli

31
Q

What is the role of the auditory association?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

32
Q

What is the role of Broca’s area?

A

Production of language

33
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

Understanding of language

34
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

A 
Attention
Adjusting social behavior
Planning
Personality expression
Decision making
35
Q

What is the consequence of frontal lobe lesions?

A

Changes in personality

Inappropriate behavior

36
Q

What is the consequence of parietal lobe lesions?

A

e.g. Lesion in the right hemisphere:
Contralateral neglect
Lack of awareness of self on left side
Lack of awareness on left side of extrapersonal space

37
Q

What are consequences of temporal lobe lesions?

A

Agnosia and inability to recognise

38
Q

What are consequences of a lesion to Broca’s area?

A

Expressive aphasia – poor production of speech, comprehension intact

39
Q

What are consequences of a lesion to Wernicke’s area?

A

Receptive aphasia – poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

40
Q

What are consequences of a lesion to the primary visual cortex?

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

41
Q

What are consequences of a lesion to the visual association?

A

deficits in interpretation of visual information e.g. prosopagnosia: inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

42
Q

What are different imaging techniques we can sue to assess cortical function?

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)- looks at blood flow directly to brain region (tells you what brain is using during task)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging- looks at amount of blood oxygen in brain region

43
Q

How is encephalography carried out?

A

Use of:
Visual evoked potentials
Event-related potentials/ evoked potentials

A large stimulus is needed to see any traces. An average of these traces are then taken to show waves

These signal differences can show you where there may be a problem on the path

By using somatosensory evoked potentials we can look at: somatosensory activity, thalamic activity, mid cervical cord activity and impulses arriving at shoulder

A series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways is produced

44
Q

What encephalography techniques can be used to assess cortical function?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)- measures electrical signals produced by the brain (looks at things such. as seizure activity or sleep disturbances)

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)- measures magnetic signals produced by the brain (immobile and expensive)

45
Q

What brain stimulation techniques can be used to assess cortical function?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)- Asses functional integrity of neural circuits. Uses EM induction to stimulate neurons

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

46
Q

What imaging techniques can be used to asses structure??

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI): Based on diffusion of water molecules

DTI with tractography: 3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

BRS Year 2 (110 decks)

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